Abstract
A novel and eco-friendly analytical method using microwave-induced combustion (MIC) and ion chromatography (IC) was proposed for the determination of chlorine and sulfur in corn, potato, rice, and wheat edible flours from several countries (Austria, Brazil, Belgium, Ecuador, Poland, and Turkey). Agreement with certified reference material (NIST 1568a, rice flour) was 97% for Cl and 90% for S. The limits of quantification were 5.2 μg g−1 for Cl and 1.5 μg g−1 for S. The content of elements did not vary significantly between wheat flours from different countries. The highest concentration of Cl and S was found in wheat flours (Cl: 424 to 714 μg g−1; S: 1020 to 1477 μg g−1) when compared with corn (Cl: 330 to 408 μg g−1; S: 751 to 895 μg g−1), rice (Cl: 204 to 219 μg g−1; S: 1007 to 1041 μg g−1), and potato starch flours (Cl < 5.2 μg g−1; S: 8.44 to 11.2 μg g−1). It is important to highlight that the proposed method presents low limits of detection, low relative standard deviations, and high sample throughput, which indicates that it is an excellent alternative as a new analytical method that could be used for routine analysis of edible flours.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barin JS, Flores EMM, Mesko MF, Mello PA, Pereira JSF (2014) Microwave-induced combustion. In: Flores EMM (ed) Microwave-assisted sample preparation for trace element analysis ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 143–177
Bu X, Wang T, Hall G (2003) Determination of halogens in organic compounds by high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). J Anal At Spectrom 8:1443–1451. https://doi.org/10.1039/B306570G
Cagampang GB, Cruz LJ, Espiritu SG, Santiago RG, Juliano BO (1966) Studies on the extraction and composition of rice proteins. Cereal Chem 43:145–155. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275843564
Cornelis R, Caruso JA, Crews H, Heumann KG (2005) Handbook of elemental speciation II: species in the environment, Food, medicine and occupational health, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, England
Currie LA (1995) Nomenclature in evaluation of analytical methods including detection and quantification capabilities. Pure Appl Chem 67:1699–1723. http://ftp.inmetro.gov.br/credenciamento/docs%5CCurrie.pdf
FAO (2015) Food outlook: biannual report on global food markets. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
Flores EMM (2014) Microwave-assisted sample preparation for trace element determination. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Food and Drug Regulations - C.R.C., c. 870. Government of Canada (2016) Alimentarius, C. Standard for Wheat Flour - CODEX STAN 152-1985. Codex Alimentarius
Gois JS, Pereira ÉR, Welz B, Borges DLG (2015) Application of direct solid sample analysis for the determination of chlorine in biological materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Spectrochim Acta B 105:12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2014.09.005
Hager AS, Wolter A, Jacob F, Zannini E, Arendt EK (2012) Nutritional properties and ultra-structure of commercial gluten free flours from different botanical sources compared to wheat flours. J Cereal Sci 56(2):239–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2012.06.005
Jadhav SJ, Kadam SS (1998) Potato. In: Salunke DK, Kadam SS (eds) Handbook of vegetable science and technology. Production, composition, storage and processing. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Joye IJ, Lagrain B, Delcour JA (2009) Use of chemical redox agents and exogenous enzymes to modify the protein network during breadmaking – a review. J Cereal Sci 50(1):11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2009.04.001
Mello PA, Barin JS, Duarte FA, Bizzi CA, Diehl LO, Muller EI, Flores EM (2013) Analytical methods for the determination of halogens in bioanalytical sciences: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 405(24):7615–7642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7077-9
Mesko MF, Mello PA, Bizzi CA, Dressler VL, Knapp G, Flores EMM (2010) Iodine determination in food by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after digestion by microwave-induced combustion. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:1125–1131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-010-3766-9
Mesko MF, Costa VC, Picoloto RS, Bizzi CA, Mello PA (2016) Halogen determination in food and biological materials using plasma-based techniques: challenges and trends of sample preparation. J Anal Atom Spectrom 31(6):1243–1261. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5JA00488H
Mesko MF, Pereira RM, Scaglioni PT, Novo DLR (2019) Single analysis of human hair for determining halogens and sulfur after sample preparation based on combustion reaction. Anal Bional Chem 411:4873–4881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-019-01733-1
Nimni ME, Han B, Cordoba F (2007) Are we getting enough sulfur in our diet? Nutr Metab 4(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-4-24
Novo DLR, Pereira RM, Costa VC, Hartwig CA, Mesko MF (2018) A novel and eco-friendly analytical method for phosphorus and sulfur determination in animal feed. Food Chem 246:422–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.036
Olise FS, Fernandes AM, Chaves CP, Taborda A, Reis MA (2014) PIXE analysis of Nigerian flour and bread samples. Nucl Inst Methods Phys Res B 318:207–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2013.06.053
Ozbek N, Baysal A (2017) Determination of sulfur by high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry: review of studies over the last 10 years. TrAC Trend Anal Chem 88:62–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2016.09.014
Pereira JSF, Mello PA, Duarte FA, Santos MFP, Guimaraes RCL, Knapp G, Dressler VL, Flores EMM (2009) Feasibility of microwave-induced combustion for digestion of crude oil vacuum distillation residue for chlorine determination. Energy Fuel 23:6015–6019. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef900707n
Pereira ÉR, Welz B, Lopez AHD, de Gois JS, Caramori GF, Borges DLG, Carasek E, de Andrade JB (2014) Strontium mono-chloride - a new molecule for the determination of chlorine using high-resolution graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry and direct solid sample analysis. Spectrochim Acta B 102:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2014.09.018
Pereira LSF, Frohlich AC, Duarte FA, Burrow RA, Muller EI, Flores EMM (2015) Determination of halogens and sulfur in pitch from crude oil by plasma-based techniques after microwave-induced combustion. J Anal Atom Spectrom 30(8):1822–1827. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5JA00143A
Rondan FS, Coelho GS, Pereira RM, Henn AS, Muller EI, Mesko MF (2019) A versatile green analytical method for determining chlorine and sulfur in cereals and legumes. Food Chem 285:334–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.01.169
Schnetger B, Muramatsu Y (1996) Determination of halogens, with special reference to iodine, in geological and biological samples using pyrohydrolysis for preparation and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography for measurement. Analyst 121:1627–1631. https://doi.org/10.1039/an9962101627
Serfor-Armah Y, Nyarko BJB, Akaho EHK, Kyere AWK, Osae S, Oppong-Boachie K (2002) Multielemental analysis of some traditional plant medicines used in Ghana. J Trace Microprobe Tech 20(3):419–427. https://doi.org/10.1081/TMA-120006687
Shewry PR (2009) Wheat. J Exp Bot 60(6):1537–1553. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp058
Silva JS, Diehl LO, Frohlich AC, Costa VC, Mesko MF, Duarte FA, Flores EMM (2017) Determination of bromine and iodine in edible flours by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave-induced combustion. Microchem J 133:246–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.031
Toralles IG, Coelho JGS, Costa VC, Cruz SM, Flores EMM, Mesko MF (2017) A fast and feasible method for Br and I determination in whole egg powder and its fractions by ICP-MS. Food Chem 221:877–883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.081
West M, Ellis AT, Potts PJ, Streli C, Vanhoof C, Wobrauschek P (2016) Atomic spectrometry update - a review of advances in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and its applications. J Anal Atom Spectrom 31(9):1706–1755. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6JA90034H
Zaidul ISM, Yamauchi H, Matsuura-Endo C, Takigawa S, Noda T (2008) Thermal analysis of mixtures on wheat flour and potato starches. Food Hydrocoll 22(4):499–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2007.01.003
Zhang H, Xu F, Wu Y, Hu HH, Dai XF (2017) Progress of potato staple food research and industry development in China. J Integr Agric 16(12):2924–2932. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(17)61736-2
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001, as well as Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq - Brazil), grant number 409357/2016-2; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica (INCTBio CNPq - Brazil), grant number 465389/2014-7; and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS - Brazil), grant numbers 16/2551-0000561-8 and 19/2551-0001306-0.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Marcia F. Mesko declares that she has no conflict of interest. Vanize C. Costa declares that she has no conflict of interest. Jussiane S. Silva declares that she has no conflict of interest. Priscila Tessmer Scaglioni declares that she has no conflict of interest. Angelica C. Frohlich declares that she has no conflict of interest. Fabio A. Duarte declares that he has no conflict of interest. Erico M. M. Flores declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mesko, M.F., Costa, V.C., Silva, J.S. et al. A Novel Method for Chlorine and Sulfur Determination in Gluten-Free and Gluten-Containing Edible Flours from Different Raw Materials and Countries. Food Anal. Methods 13, 1799–1805 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01788-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01788-2