Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) Functionalized Graphene and Co3O4 Nanoparticle Clusters for Detection of Amaranth in Soft drinks

  • Published:
Food Analytical Methods Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A new sensitive electrochemical sensor based on poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) functionalized graphene and Co3O4 nanoparticle clusters (PSS-GN/Co3O4) ternary composite was fabricated via two-step synthesis. The PSS-GN/Co3O4 nanocomposite significantly increased the oxidative activity of amaranth due to the individual merit and mutual effect of PSS-GN and Co3O4 nanoparticle clusters which improved the performance of the electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements were used for the detection of amaranth. Under the optimal conditions, the oxidation peak currents of amaranth increased proportionally to the concentration within the range of 0.01–1.0 and 1.0–6.0 μmol L−1, and the limit of detection was 4.0 nmol L−1. The proposed modified electrode was highly sensitive and was successfully applied to determine amaranth in the soft drinks with satisfactory recoveries. The as-prepared PSS-GN/Co3O4/GCE electrochemical sensor offers a feasible way for designing simpler, low cost, and environment-friendly sensors based on Co3O4 nanoparticle clusters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Scheme 1
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anson FC (1969) Application of potentiostatic current integration to the study of the adsorption of Cobalt(III)-(Ethylenedinitrilo(tetraacetate) on mercury electrodes. Anal Chem 75:313–315

  • Bose S, Kuila T, Uddin ME, Kim NH, Lau AKT, Lee JH (2010) In-situ synthesis and characterization of electrically conductive polypyrrole/graphene nanocomposites. Polymer 51:5921–5928. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.10.014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chai W, Wang H, Zhang Y, Ding G (2016) Preparation of polydopamine-coated magnetic nanoparticles for dispersive solid-phase extraction of water-soluble synthetic colorants in beverage samples with HPLC analysis. Talanta 149:13–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandran S, Lonappan LA, Thomas D, Jos T, Girish Kumar K (2013) Development of an electrochemical sensor for the determination of amaranth: a synthetic dye in soft drinks. Food Anal Methods 7:741–746. doi:10.1007/s12161-013-9676-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi S-J, Choi C, Kim S-J, Cho H-J, Jeon S, Kim I-D (2015) Facile synthesis of hierarchical porous WO3nanofibers having 1D nanoneedles and their functionalization with non-oxidized graphene flakes for selective detection of acetone molecules. RSC Adv 5:7584–7588. doi:10.1039/c4ra13791d

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Du A-K, Yang K-L, Zhao T-H, Wang M, Zeng J-B (2016) Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) wrapped carbon nanotube with low percolation threshold in poly(ε-caprolactone) nanocomposites. Polym Test 51:40–48. doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.02.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fan Y, Huang K-J, Niu D-J, Yang C-P, Jing Q-S (2011) TiO2-graphene nanocomposite for electrochemical sensing of adenine and guanine. Electrochim Acta 56:4685–4690. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2011.02.114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gan T, Sun J, Ji L, Shi Z, Liu Y (2014) Electrocatalytic oxidation and determination of synthetic food dyes at iron/nickel oxide nanoparticles–graphene based sensor. Sens Lett 12:75–83. doi:10.1166/sl.2014.3215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo J, Chen L, Zhang X, Chen H (2014) Porous Co3O4 nanorods as anode for lithium-ion battery with excellent electrochemical performance. J Solid State Chem 213:193–197. doi:10.1016/j.jssc.2014.02.036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haldorai Y, Kim JY, Vilian ATE, Heo NS, Huh YS, Han Y-K (2016) An enzyme-free electrochemical sensor based on reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 nanospindle composite for sensitive detection of nitrite. Sensors Actuators B Chem 227:92–99. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.12.032

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • He JL, Kou W, Li C, Cai JJ, Kong FY, Wang W (2015) Electrochemical sensor based on single-walled carbon nanotube-TiN nannocomposites for detecting amaranth. Int J Electrochem Sci 10:10074–10082

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishikawa F, Oishi M, Kimura K, Yasui A, Saito K (2004) Determination of synthetic food dyes in food by capillary electrophoresis. J Food Hyg Soc Jpn 45:150–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laviron E (1979) General expression of the linear potential sweep voltammogram in the case of diffusionless electrochemical systems. J Electroanal Chem 101:19–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Lim S, Lim E, Lee KK (2010) Synthesis of aqueous dispersion of graphenes via reduction of graphite oxide in the solution of conductive polymer. J Phys Chem Solids 71:483–486. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2009.12.017

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Gao W, Ci L, Wang C, Ajayan PM (2010) Catalytic performance of Pt nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide for methanol electro-oxidation. Carbon 48:1124–1130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Cao H, Shao J, Li G, Qu M, Yin G (2011) Co3O4@graphene composites as anode materials for high-performance lithium ion batteries. Inorg Chem 50:1628–1632. doi:10.1021/ic1023086

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Zou L, Song G, Li K, Ye B (2013) Electrochemical behavior of sophoridine at a new amperometric sensor based on l-Theanine modified electrode and its sensitive determination. J Electroanal Chem 709:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.09.030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu GT et al (2014) One-step electrodeposition of graphene loaded nickel oxides nanoparticles for acetaminophen detection. Biosens Bioelectron 56C:26–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mao Y, Fan Q, Li J, Yu L, Qu L-b (2014) A novel and green CTAB-functionalized graphene nanosheets electrochemical sensor for Sudan I determination. Sensors Actuators B Chem 203:759–765. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.07.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JC, Geim AK, Katsnelson MI, Novoselov KS, Booth TJ, Roth S (2007) The structure of suspended graphene sheets. Nature 446:60–63. doi:10.1038/nature05545

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mpountoukas P et al (2010) Cytogenetic evaluation and DNA interaction studies of the food colorants amaranth, erythrosine and tartrazine. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 48:2934–2944. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan X, Chen X, Li Y, Yu Z (2015) Facile synthesis of Co3O4 nanosheets electrode with ultrahigh specific capacitance for electrochemical supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 182:1101–1106. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.035

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pourreza N, Elhami S (2009) Cloud point extraction and spectrophotometric determination of amaranth in food samples using nonionic surfactant triton X-100 and tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate. J Iran Chem Soc 6:784–788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao W, Li Y, Wang L, Li G, Li J, Ye B (2015a) Electrochemical behavior of daphnetin and its sensitive determination based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide modified electrode. J Electroanal Chem 749:68–74. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.04.036

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiao W, Wang L, Ye B, Li G, Li J (2015b) Electrochemical behavior of palmatine and its sensitive determination based on an electrochemically reduced L-methionine functionalized graphene oxide modified electrode. Analyst 140:7974–7983. doi:10.1039/c5an01770j

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryvolova M, Taborsky P, Vrabel P, Krasensky P, Preisler J (2007) Sensitive determination of erythrosine and other red food colorants using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 1141:206–211. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sha O, Zhu X (2015) Simultaneous ionic liquid aqueous two-phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of amaranth and brilliant blue in food samples. J Anal Chem 70:558–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sha O, Zhu X, Feng Y, Ma W (2015) Aqueous two-phase based on ionic liquid liquid-liquid microextraction for simultaneous determination of five synthetic food colourants in different food samples by high-performance liquid chromatography. Food Chem 174:380–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Z, Zhang Y, Liu W, Zhang S, Liu G, Chen H, Qiu J (2013) Hydrothermal synthesis and electrochemical performance of Co3O4/reduced graphene oxide nanosheet composites for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 112:120–126. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.08.155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subrahmanyam KS (2009) GRAPHENE: THE NEW TWO-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIAL Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English

  • Sun W, Wang X, Zhu H, Sun X, Shi F, Li G, Sun Z (2013) Graphene-MnO2 nanocomposite modified carbon ionic liquid electrode for the sensitive electrochemical detection of rutin. Sensors Actuators B Chem 178:443–449. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2012.12.118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teymourian H, Salimi A, Khezrian S (2013) Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles/reduced graphene oxide nanosheets as a novel electrochemical and bioeletrochemical sensing platform. Biosens Bioelectron 49:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2013.04.034

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Zhang D, Tong Z, Xu X, Yang X (2010a) Voltammetric behavior and the determination of quercetin at a flowerlike Co3O4 nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode. J Appl Electrochem 41:189–196. doi:10.1007/s10800-010-0223-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P, Hu X, Cheng Q, Zhao X, Fu X, Wu K (2010b) Electrochemical detection of amaranth in food based on the enhancement effect of carbon nanotube film. J Agric Food Chem 58:12112–12116. doi:10.1021/jf103263p

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Li Y, Li G, Ye B (2015a) A new strategy for enhancing electrochemical sensing from MWCNTs modified electrode with Langmuir-Blodgett film and used in determination of methylparaben. Sensors Actuators B Chem 211:332–338. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.01.056

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Gao Y, Sun Q, Zhao J (2015b) Ultrasensitive and simultaneous determination of the isomers of Amaranth and Ponceau 4R in foods based on new carbon nanotube/polypyrrole composites. Food Chem 172:873–879. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.09.157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang M, Sun Y, Yang X, Zhao J (2015c) Sensitive determination of amaranth in drinks by highly dispersed CNT in graphene oxide "water" with the aid of small amounts of ionic liquid. Food Chem 179:318–324. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang C, Li M, Zhi M, Manivannan A, Wu N (2013) A reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 composite for supercapacitor electrode. J Power Sources 226:65–70. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.064

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Y, Bai H, Lu G, Li C, Shi G (2008) Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets. J Am Chem Soc 130:5856–5857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu J et al (2015) Co3O4 nanocubes homogeneously assembled on few-layer graphene for high energy density lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sources 274:816–822. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang B, Wang J, Bin D, Zhu M, Yang P, Du Y (2015) A three dimensional Pt nanodendrite/graphene/MnO2nanoflower modified electrode for the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine. J Mater Chem B 3:7440–7448. doi:10.1039/c5tb01031d

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Y, Chen R, Cao S, Ruan Z, Li J (2009) Isolation and purification of daphnetin and daphnodorin B from Daphne odora var. marginata by high-speed counter-current chromatography and their antineoplastic activity. Proceedings of 2009 International conference of natural product and traditional medicine, vol 1 and 2, pp 25–29

  • Yu L, Shi M, Yue X, Qu L (2015) A novel and sensitive hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide functionalized graphene supported platinum nanoparticles composite modified glassy carbon electrode for determination of sunset yellow in soft drinks. Sensors Actuators B Chem 209:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2014.10.098

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang K, Zhou J, Liu J, Li K, Li Y, Yang L, Ye B (2013) Sensitive determination of colchicine at carbon paste electrode doped with multiwall carbon nanotubes. Anal Methods 5:1830. doi:10.1039/c3ay26514e

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Wang M, Shentu C, Wang W, Chen Z (2014) Simultaneous determination of the isomers of Ponceau 4R and Amaranth using an expanded graphite paste electrode. Food Chem 160:11–15. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng F, Yin Z, Xu S, Zhang Y (2016) Formation of Co3O4 hollow polyhedrons from metal-organic frameworks and their catalytic activity for CO oxidation. Mater Lett 182:214–217. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.06.108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People’s Republic of China

    Shasha Jing, Li Zhao, Lingbo Qu & Lanlan Yu

  2. North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450045, People’s Republic of China

    Huijun Zheng

Authors
  1. Shasha Jing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Huijun Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Li Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Lingbo Qu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lanlan Yu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lanlan Yu.

Ethics declarations

Funding

This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21002093).

Conflict of Interest

Shasha Jing declares that she has no conflict of interest. Huijun Zheng declares that he has no conflict of interest. Li Zhao declares that she has no conflict of interest. Lingbo Qu declares that he has no conflict of interest. Lanlan Yu declares that she has no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Informed Consent

Not applicable.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Jing, S., Zheng, H., Zhao, L. et al. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) Functionalized Graphene and Co3O4 Nanoparticle Clusters for Detection of Amaranth in Soft drinks. Food Anal. Methods 10, 3149–3157 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0889-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-0889-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation