Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characterization of Invasion of Genus Aspergillus on Peanut Seeds Using FTIR-PAS

  • Published:
Food Analytical Methods Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Aspergillus colonization on peanuts is a growing concern, as it results in reduced crop yields or livestock productivity due to consumption of contaminated feed, and most importantly, they are famous as causative agents of opportunistic infestation in man. In order to defeat and evaluate peanuts suffering from Aspergillus infection, it is essential to establish proper technique and track the quality of peanuts at both farm and market levels. This study focuses on usage of Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with a non-invasive reflectance apparatus, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) to identify and separate infected peanuts based on spectral characteristics of infrared radiation on peanuts. Classes were defined as “clean” representing no-aflatoxin/no-mold in peanuts, “moldy” representing peanuts with non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus strains, and lastly, “toxic” representing peanuts infected with aflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus spp. Classes were analyzed using discriminant analysis algorithm, and distance values were calculated in Mahalanobis distance units. The spectral ranges between 3600 and 2750, 1800 and 1480, and 1200 and 900 cm−1 were assigned as the key bands, and corresponding vibration modes and intensities were labeled. All healthy, clean peanuts (15 healthy/69 total peanut pods) were successfully separated from moldy ones. Separation was further detailed to distinguish peanuts infected with aflatoxin producing strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and as a result, 87 % of samples were separated correctly as only moldy or toxic streams. Performance test was conducted with 36 different samples including toxic, moldy, and clean samples; 80.6 % correct classification was achieved.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Beekes M, Lasch P, Naumann D (2007) Analytical applications of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in microbiology and prion research. Vet Microbiol 123:305–319. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JW (2010) An overview of the genus Aspergillus. In: Machida M, Wymondham KG (eds) Aspergillus: molecular biology and genomics. Caister Academic Press, Norfolk, UK, pp 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Bothast RJ (1978) Fungal deterioration and related phenomena in cereals, legumes and oilseeds. In: Hultin HO, Milner M (eds) Post-harvest biology and biotechnology. Food and Nutrition Press, Inc., Westport, pp 210–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Desjardins AE, Manandhar G, Plattner RD, Maragos CM, Shrestha K, McCormick SP (2000) Occurrence of Fusarium species and mycotoxins in Nepalese maize and wheat and the effect of traditional processing methods on mycotoxin levels. J Agric Food Chem 48:1377–1383

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diener UL, Cole RJ, Sanders TH, Payne GA, Lee LS, Klich MA (1987) Epidemiology of aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus-flavus. Annu Rev Phytopathol 25:249–270. doi:10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fandohan P, Zoumenou D, Hounhouigan DJ, Marasas WFO, Wingfield MJ, Hell K (2005) Fate of aflatoxins and fumonisins during the processing of maize into food products in Benin International. J Food Microbiol 98:249–259. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.07.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2001) FAO/IAEA Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxin prevention and control, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 73, FA, Rome, Italy

  • Farsaie A, McClure WF, Monroe RJ (1977) Development of indices for sorting Iranian pistachio nuts according to fluorescence. J Food Sci 43:1550–1552

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer G, Braun S, Thissen R, Dott W (2006) FT-IR spectroscopy as a tool for rapid identification and intra-species characterization of airborne filamentous fungi. J Microbiol Methods 64:63–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon SH, Schudy RB, Wheeler BC, Wicklow DT, Greene RV (1997) Identification of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectral features for detection of Aspergillus flavus infection in corn. Int J Food Microbiol 35:179–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greene RV, Gordon SH, Jackson MA, Bennett GA, McClelland JF, Jones RW (1992) Detection of fungal contamination in corn—potential of FTIR-PAS and FTIR-DRS. J Agric Food Chem 40:1144–1149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillen MD, Cabo N (1997) Infrared spectroscopy in the study of edible oils and fats. J Sci Food Agric 75:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano S, Okawara N, Narazaki S (1998) Near infrared detection of internally moldy nuts. Biosci, Biotechnol, Biochem 62:102–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horn BW (1997) Aspergillus caelatus, a new species in section. Flavi Mycotaxon 61:185–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn BW (2005) Colonization of wounded peanut seeds by soil fungi: selectivity for species from Aspergillus section. Flavi Mycologia 97:202–217. doi:10.3852/mycologia.97.1.202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn BW, Greene RL, Sobolev VS, Dorner JW, Powell JH, Layton RC (1996) Association of morphology and mycotoxin production with vegetative compatibility groups in Aspergillus flavus, A.parasiticus, and A.tamarii. Mycologia 88:574–587. doi:10.2307/3761151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irudayaraj J, Sivakesava S, Kamath S, Yang H (2001) Monitoring chemical changes in some foods using Fourier transform photoacoustic spectroscopy. J Food Sci 66:1416–1421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irudayaraj J, Yang H, Sakhamuri S (2002) Differentiation and detection of microorganisms using Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 606:181–188. doi:10.1016/s0022-2860(01)00869-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail AA, Vandevoort FR, Emo G, Sedman J (1993) Rapid quantitative-determination of free fatty-acids in fats and oils by Fourier-transform infrared-spectroscopy. J Am Oil Chem Soc 70:335–341. doi:10.1007/bf02552703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouany JP (2007) Methods for preventing, decontaminating and minimizing the toxicity of mycotoxins in feeds. Anim Feed Sci Technol 137:342–362. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci. 2007.06-009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya AN, Kyamuhangire W (2006) The effect of storage time and agroecological zone on mould incidence and aflatoxin contamination of maize from traders in Uganda. Int J Food Microbiol 110:217–223. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.04.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya-Celiker H, Mallikarjunan PK, Schmale D, Christie ME (2014) Discrimination of moldy peanuts with reference to aflatoxin using FTIR-ATR system. Food Control 44:64–71. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.03.045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya-Celiker H, Mallikarjunan PK, Kaaya A (2015) Mid-infrared spectroscopy for discrimination and classification of Aspergillus spp. contamination in peanuts. Food Control 52:103–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb MC, Sternitzke DA (2001) Cost of aflatoxin to the farmer, buying point, and sheller segments of the southeast United States peanut industry. Peanut Sci 28:59–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariey L, Signolle JP, Amiel C, Travert J (2001) Discrimination, classification, identification of microorganisms using FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics. Vib Spectrosc 26(2):151–159. doi:10.1016/s0924-2031(01)00113-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClure WF, Farsaie A (1980) Dual-Wavelength Fiber Optic Photometer Measures Fluorescence of Aflatoxin Contaminated Pistachio Nuts Trans ASAE:204-207

  • Mellon JE, Dowd MK, Cotty PJ (2002) Time course study of substrate utilization by Aspergillus flavus in medium simulating corn (Zea mays) kernels. J Agric Food Chem 50:648–652. doi:10.1021/jf011048e

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy PA, Hendrich S, Landgren C, Bryant CM (2006) Food mycotoxins: an update. J Food Sci 71:R51–R65. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00052.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasikatan MC, Dowell FE (2001) Sorting systems based on optical methods for detecting and removing seeds infested internally by insects or fungi: a review. Appl Spectrosc Rev 36(4):399–416

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson RRM (2006) Fungi and fungal toxins as weapons. Mycol Res 110:1003–1010. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson TC, Wicklow DT, Maghirang EB, Xie F, Dowell FE (2001) Detecting aflatoxin in single corn kernels by transmittance and reflection spectroscopy. Trans ASAE 44:1247–1254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson TC, Wicklow DT, Pasikatan MC (2004) Reduction of aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in yellow corn by high-speed dual-wavelength sorting. Cereal Chem 81:490–498

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson SW (2008) Phylogenetic analysis of Aspergillus species using DNA sequences from four loci. Mycologia 100:205–226. doi:10.3852/mycologia.100.2.205

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitt JI, Basilico JC, Abarca ML, Lopez C (2000) Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi. Med Mycol 38:41–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders TH (2003) Peanuts. In: Caballero B (ed) Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition, 2nd edn. Academic, Oxford, pp pp 4420–pp 4427. doi:10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00897-X

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson SE, Foster NS, Johnson TJ, Valentine NB, Amonette JE (2003) Identification of bacterial spores using statistical analysis of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy data. Appl Spectrosc 57:893–899. doi:10.1366/000370203322258832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tyson TW, Clark RL (1974) An investigation of the fluorescent properties of aflatoxin infected pecans. Trans ASAE 17:942–948

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D (2004) Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. Am J Clin Nutr 80(5):1106–1122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Authors wish to express their acknowledgements for funding provided by the Peanut CRSP program (a USAID-funded project) on aflatoxin management and mitigation (VT-134). Authors also would like to extend their gratitude to Dr. Maria Elisa Christie and Charity Mutegi for their participation in the project.

Conflict of Interest

P. Kumar Mallikarjunan is the Principal Investigator of the project funded by US Agency for International Development (USAID). Hande Kaya-Celiker received graduate student support to pursue her doctoral degree from the funds provided by USAID and Archileo Kaaya is the collaborator in the project funded by USAID.

Compliance with Ethics Requirements

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 308 Seitz Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Hande Kaya-Celiker & P. Kumar Mallikarjunan

  2. Food Technology and Human Nutrition, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

    Archileo Kaaya

Authors
  1. Hande Kaya-Celiker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. Kumar Mallikarjunan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Archileo Kaaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Kumar Mallikarjunan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kaya-Celiker, H., Mallikarjunan, P.K. & Kaaya, A. Characterization of Invasion of Genus Aspergillus on Peanut Seeds Using FTIR-PAS. Food Anal. Methods 9, 105–113 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0159-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0159-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation