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Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection for the Determination of Amitraz in Honey and Water Samples

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Abstract

This paper reports a two-phase hollow fiber-protected liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection as a simple, fast, low-cost, and sensitive method for the determination of amitraz in honey and water samples. The effect of factors effective on the extraction efficiency of amitraz was studied and optimized. The effect of type of extracting solvent was optimized by the one-variable-at-a-time method. The effect of other factors was optimized using the Taguchi method (an orthogonal array design (OAD)) with OA16 (44) matrix. The optimal conditions for HF-LPME procedure were found as 1-undecanol as the extracting solvent, sample pH of 6.0 (adjusted with 0.01 mol/L sodium acetate), stirring rate of 1,000 rpm, and extraction time of 45 min without the addition of NaCl. The figures of merit of the method were evaluated in honey and water matrices. In water matrix, the method was linear in the range of 5–2,500 μg/L with a coefficient of determination (r 2) corresponding to 0.9996 and relative standard deviation (RSD%) lower than 11 %. Also, in honey samples, a calibration curve was linear in the range of 20–1,000 μg/L with RSD% of 13.8 % and r 2 > 0.9901. The enrichment factors were 170 and 75, and the limits of detection (LODs) based on S/N = 3 were 3 and 10 μg/L in water and honey samples, respectively. Finally, applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by extraction and determination of amitraz in some honey and water samples and good recoveries (>90 %) were obtained.

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Conflict of Interest

Yadollah Yamini declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mohammad Faraji declares that he has no conflict of interest. Mahnaz Ghambarian declares that she has no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran

    Yadollah Yamini

  2. Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Technology, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, P.O. Box 31745-139, Iran

    Mohammad Faraji

  3. Iranian Research and Development Center for Chemical Industries, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

    Mahnaz Ghambarian

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  1. Yadollah Yamini
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  2. Mohammad Faraji
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  3. Mahnaz Ghambarian
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Correspondence to Yadollah Yamini.

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Yamini, Y., Faraji, M. & Ghambarian, M. Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Followed by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detection for the Determination of Amitraz in Honey and Water Samples. Food Anal. Methods 8, 758–766 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-9953-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-014-9953-0

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