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Hydrothermal Treatment of Pretreated Castor Residue for the Production of Bio-oil

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Abstract

Hydrothermal processing/liquefaction of biomass is the conversion of biomass in the presence of water at elevated temperature (> 200 °C) and autogenous pressure into functional chemicals and biofuels/hydrocarbons. The principal goal of the study is to understand the behavior of alkali-pretreated castor residue on product yield and conversion using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). The alkali pretreatment of castor residue was done using sodium hydroxide with variations in the pretreatment time. In this study, the hydrothermal liquefaction reaction was conducted at 260–300 °C for 60 min. The variation in alkali pretreatment time leads to change in the weight percentage of biomass components. The maximum yield of total bio-oil (TBO) observed at a temperature of 280 °C was 12.50 wt.%. The obtained products were analyzed using 1H NMR, FTIR, GC–MS, SEM, XRD, TOC, and elemental analysis. The formation of various chemical compounds was observed such as aldehydes, aromatics, phenolics, acids, and N- containing compounds. Phenolic compounds were found maximum in bio-oil and can be a useful feedstock in the chemical industry. The maximum heating value of bio-oil and biochar was 34.98 and 22.63 MJ/kg, respectively.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the Director, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), and Director, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, for their support and encouragement. RK would like to thank the CSIR-IIP Analytical Sciences Division (ASD) at CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) for providing analytical support. RK would like to acknowledge the testing facilities provided by SAIF and CIL labs at PU, Chandigarh. and Elemental analysis group of IITB. RK acknowledges MHRD, Govt. of India. for rendering fellowship and NIT Jalandhar for their financial support for carrying out this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Longowal, Sangrur, 148106, India

    Ravneet Kaur

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, 144011, India

    Poonam Gera & Mithilesh Kumar Jha

  3. Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India

    Thallada Bhaskar

  4. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Thallada Bhaskar

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  1. Ravneet Kaur
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  2. Poonam Gera
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  3. Mithilesh Kumar Jha
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  4. Thallada Bhaskar
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the design the process of the study. Material preparation and data collection were performed by Ravneet Kaur under the supervision of Poonam Gera, Mithilesh Kumar Jha, and Thallada Bhaskar. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ravneet Kaur under the guidance of Thallada Bhaskar. The other authors also commented on the draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ravneet Kaur.

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Kaur, R., Gera, P., Jha, M.K. et al. Hydrothermal Treatment of Pretreated Castor Residue for the Production of Bio-oil. Bioenerg. Res. 16, 517–527 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10466-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-022-10466-6

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