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Waste Cooking (Palm) Oil as an Economical Source of Biodiesel Production for Alternative Green Fuel and Efficient Lubricant

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Abstract

Here, a cost-effective route for the preparation of biodiesel (BD) from waste cooking oil (WCO) as an alternative eco-friendly fuel and lubricant via catalytic transesterification process using simple base catalyst was demonstrated. Physical and chemical characterization based on FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopy reveals that free carboxylic acid functionality successfully alters to methyl ester of same hydrocarbon chain during the reaction. The BD was characterized by its physical, fuel characteristics including density, viscosity, acid value, flash point, pour point, and foaming tendency, and compared with existing diesel fuel in accordance with ASTM test standard. Prepared BD showed excellent fuel efficiency with higher flash (142 °C) and fire point (147 °C) than the existing diesel fuel. In order to use these synthetic biodiesel esters as advanced green lubricants, their lubrication behavior was tested and compared with hydrocarbon base oil hexadecane (HD). The macrotribological results showed the biodiesel significantly reduced the coefficient of friction by a maximum ~ 43% and specific wear rate ~ 71% in comparison with that of HD at variable applied load. The lubricating efficiency of prepared BD was found to be a similar trend in microtribometric experiments with reciprocating sliding motion under variable loads with similar contact pressure (Pm ~ 1.36–1.95 GPa) as demonstrated in macrotribological rotating motion. Due to polar nature of biodiesel, it deposits on the contact interface and provides a thick molecular film, which may be responsible for enhanced tribological behavior compared with pristine hydrocarbon oil.

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Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Central Research Facility, CSIR-CMERI for providing the FE-SEM data and to the Director, CSIR-CMERI for permission to publish this work.

Funding

The authors received a grant through 12FYP project ESC-0112 to CSIR, India, in carrying out this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering Division, CSIR - Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, 713209, India

    Suprakash Samanta & Rashmi R. Sahoo

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India

    Suprakash Samanta & Rashmi R. Sahoo

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  1. Suprakash Samanta
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Correspondence to Rashmi R. Sahoo.

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1H NMR, 13C NMR and optical images of the counterface ball wear scar have been provided as supporting information. (DOCX 1765 kb)

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Samanta, S., Sahoo, R.R. Waste Cooking (Palm) Oil as an Economical Source of Biodiesel Production for Alternative Green Fuel and Efficient Lubricant. Bioenerg. Res. 14, 163–174 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10162-3

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