Abstract
Although previous research has established a link between the variant rs53576 of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and social behaviors, our understanding of its long-term impact on mental health from early childhood to adolescence remains limited. This study aimed to explore the potential link between children’s involvement in recreational activities with parents during early childhood, their OXTR rs53576 genotype, and the subsequent development of psychopathology. It involved gathering data during three different stages: early childhood (T1), middle childhood (T2), and adolescence (T3). During T1, the parents of 144 Chinese participants aged 4 to 6 years (48.6% boys) completed a scale on frequency of parent-child recreational activities. Three years later (T2), parents were re-surveyed about the participant’s conduct problems, which was assessed using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Seven years later (T3), the participants completed the Depression scale of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale – 21 to evaluate their levels of depressive symptoms. Additionally, buccal swab samples were collected and genotyped for OXTR rs53576. OXTR rs53576 genotypes were found to interact with the frequency of parent-child recreational activities to predict future conduct problems (β=-1.38, p = 0.028). Increased conduct problems were in turn associated with a higher level of subsequent depressive symptoms during adolescence (r = 0.22, p < 0.05). Engaging in recreational activities with parents during early childhood is important for the overall well-being of children, particularly for those who demonstrate a tendency of being sociable. Early childhood interventions should educate and assist parents in designing unstructured play based on their young children’s sociability.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
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Acknowledgements
We thank participants for their participation in this study. This study was supported by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project Nos. 743413, 746111 and 17606318) and Seed Fund for Basic Research for New Staff under the University of Hong Kong.
Funding
This study was supported by the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (Project Nos. 743413, 746111 and 17606318) and Seed Fund for Basic Research for New Staff under the University of Hong Kong.
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RSW conceptualized the paper, analyzed the data, and wrote the initial draft. KTST and DYTC coordinated data collection and critically revised the manuscript. HWT critically revised the manuscript. PI conceptualized and designed the study, supervised data collection, and critically reviewed the manuscript. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. All authors approved the final manuscript as submitted and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
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Wong, R.S., Tung, K.T., Chan, D.Y. et al. Early social experiences and later psychopathology: the role of OXTR rs53576 genotype. Curr Psychol 43, 16104–16112 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05554-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05554-5