Abstract
Three studies (total n = 3576) employed latent profile analyses to identify how self-compassion and self-esteem are configured within individuals. Furthermore, these studies examined profile differences in intra-and interpersonal functioning. Self-compassion and self-esteem were assessed across the studies. In Study 1, participants recalled negative events and responded the scales of state self-compassion and self-improvement. In Study 2, participants completed a measure of basic psychological need satisfaction. In Study 3, participants completed the scales of social isolation and the quality of romantic relationships. Across the three studies, latent profile analyses indicated that individuals were classified into one of three latent profiles: Low Compassionate and Worthy Style (low self-compassion and self-esteem), Moderate Compassionate and Worthy Style (moderate self-compassion and self-esteem), or High Compassionate and Worthy Style (high self-compassion and self-esteem). These analyses did not reveal the groups of individuals who displayed high self-compassion and low self-esteem simultaneously, or vice versa. Furthermore, individuals with High Compassionate and Worthy Style reported higher levels of self-compassionate reactions toward distressing events, self-improvement orientation (Study 1), satisfaction with basic psychological needs (Study 2), and relationship satisfaction (Study 3). They also indicated lower levels of feeling lonely and ostracized, and fewer frequencies of psychological intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization (Study 3). Overall, these results suggest that self-compassion and self-esteem operate unitedly rather than separately within individuals to support positive intra-and interpersonal functioning. Thus, given the interactive network of self-compassion and self-esteem, interventions to boost self-compassion might also promote self-esteem.
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Data availability
The datasets for this study are freely available at https://osf.io/a6puw/.
Notes
Please see Supplementary Online Material Table S1 for the mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis of study variables.
Psychological IPV perpetration and victimization were leptokurtic and positively skewed (Table S1), which could affect the results of the mean differences between the obtained profiles. To rule out this possibility, we also used the base 10 log-transformed variables when examining profile differences in psychological IPV. Importantly, the results of the additional analyses were identical to the main findings. The BCH method suggested profile-specific mean differences in log-transformed psychological IPV perpetration, χ2(2) = 63.454, p < .001, and log-transformed psychological IPV victimization, χ2(2) = 68.868, p < .001. Individuals with High Worthy and Compassionate Style were lower in psychological IPV perpetration and victimization than those with the other profiles. We did not find significant differences between the low and moderate groups in psychological IPV perpetration and victimization (see Supplementary Online Material Table S2).
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Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Selma C Rudert for her permission to translate the Ostracism Short Scale and Dr. Yu Niiya for her assistance with the back-translation of the scale. Our work was funded by JSPS KAKENHI grant (JP20K14147) and JSPS KAKENHI grant (JP18H01080).
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Yuki Miyagawa: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing-Original Draft, Resources, Funding acquisition. Yuji Kanemasa: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing-Review & Editing, Resources, Funding acquisition. Junichi Taniguchi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing-Review & Editing.
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Miyagawa, Y., Kanemasa, Y. & Taniguchi, J. A compassionate and worthy self: latent profiles of self-compassion and self-esteem in relation to intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning. Curr Psychol 43, 14259–14272 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05428-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05428-w