Abstract
Although leader humor has been widely advocated in the workplace, the influence of leader humor on team creative outcomes remains to be explored. Drawing on social information processing theory and the superiority theory of humor, we proposed that leader humor, as the origin of relevant and significant information for team members, could nurture team psychological safety and subsequent team creativity. Moreover, due to the ambiguity nature of leader humor as well as the duality function of leader humor, leader behavioral integrity and leader humor differentiation act as the boundary conditions for the utility of leader humor in teams. Specifically, leader behavioral integrity strengthened, but leader humor differentiation weakened the positive relationship between leader humor and team psychological safety, as well as the positive indirect relationship between leader humor and team creativity through team psychological safety. Using a sample of 380 members and 110 team leaders, we found support for the first-stage moderated mediation model. Theoretical and managerial implications about leader humor are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Acar, O. A., Tarakci, M., & van Knippenberg, D. (2019). Creativity and innovation under constraints: a cross-disciplinary integrative review. Journal of Management, 45(1), 96–121.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Amjed, A., & Tirmzi, S. H. S. (2016). Effect of humor on employee creativity with moderating role of transformational leadership behavior. Journal of Economics Business and Management, 4(10), 594–598.
Anderson, N., Potočnik, K., & Zhou, J. (2014). Innovation and creativity in organizations: a state-of-the-science review, prospective commentary, and guiding framework. Journal of Management, 40(5), 1297–1333.
Appelbaum, N. P., Lockeman, K. S., Orr, S., Huff, T. A., Hogan, C. J., Queen, B. A., & Dow, A. W. (2020). Perceived influence of power distance, psychological safety, and team cohesion on team effectiveness. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 34(1), 20–26.
Avolio, B. J., Howell, J. M., & Sosik, J. J. (1999). A funny thing happened on the way to the bottom line: humor as a moderator of leadership style effects. Academy of Management Journal, 42(2), 219–227.
Bogilović, S., Černe, M., & Škerlavaj, M. (2017). Hiding behind a mask? Cultural intelligence, knowledge hiding, and individual and team creativity. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(5), 710–723.
Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp. 137–164). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
Cooper, C. D. (2008). Elucidating the bonds of workplace humor: a relational process model. Human Relations, 61(8), 1087–1115.
Cooper, C. D., Kong, D. T., & Crossley, C. D. (2018). Leader humor as an interpersonal resource: integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2), 769–796.
Dineen, B. R., Lewicki, R. J., & Tomlinson, E. C. (2006). Supervisory guidance and behavioral integrity: Relationships with employee citizenship and deviant behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 622–635.
Duncan, W. J. (1985). The superiority theory of humor at work: joking relationships as indicators of formal and informal status patterns in small, task-oriented groups. Small Group Behavior, 16(4), 556–564.
Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383.
Edmondson, A. C., & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological safety: the history, renaissance, and future of an interpersonal construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 23–43.
Evans, J. B., Slaughter, J. E., Ellis, A. P., & Rivin, J. M. (2019). Gender and the evaluation of humor at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(8), 1077–1087.
Ferguson, M. A., & Ford, T. E. (2008). Disparagement humor: a theoretical and empirical review of psychoanalytic, superiority, and social identity theories. Humor, 21(3), 283–312.
Foulk, T. A., Lanaj, K., Tu, M. H., Erez, A., & Archambeau, L. (2018). Heavy is the head that wears the crown: an actor-centric approach to daily psychological power, abusive leader behavior, and perceived incivility. Academy of Management Journal, 61(2), 661–684.
Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: a meta-analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113–165.
Gkorezis, P., & Bellou, V. (2016). The relationship between leader self-deprecating humor and perceived effectiveness: trust in leader as a mediator. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 37(7), 882–898.
Gockel, C. (2017). Humor in teams: interpersonal functions of humor. In T. Scheel, & C. Gockel (Eds.), Humor at work in teams, leadership, negotiations, learning and health (pp. 31–46). Cham: Springer.
Gockel, C., & Kerr, N. (2015). Put-down humor directed at outgroup members increases perceived- but not experienced- cohesion in groups. Humor, 28(2), 205–228.
Gockel, C., & Vetter, L. (2017). Humor in leadership: how to lead people with humor. In T. Scheel, & C. Gockel (Eds.), Humor at work in teams, leadership, negotiations, learning and health (pp. 47–63). Cham: Springer.
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Development of leader-member exchange theory of leadership over 25 years: applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247.
Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What’s the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1199–1228.
Hirst, G., van Knippenberg, D., & Zhou, J. (2009). A cross-level perspective on employee creativity: goal orientation, team learning behavior, and individual creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 52(2), 280–293.
Hu, J., Erdogan, B., Jiang, K., Bauer, T. N., & Liu, S. (2018). Leader humility and team creativity: the role of team information sharing, psychological safety, and power distance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(3), 313–323.
Hu, W., & Luo, J. (2020). Leader humor and employee creativity: A model integrating pragmatic and affective roles. Asian Business & Management. Epub ahead of print 30 January 2020. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00105-3
Hughes, L. W., & Avey, J. B. (2009). Transforming with levity: humor, leadership, and follower attitudes. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 30(6), 540–562.
Hughes, D. J., Lee, A., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2018). Leadership, creativity, and innovation: a critical review and practical recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(5), 549–569.
Huo, Y., Lam, W., & Chen, Z. (2012). Am I the only one this supervisor is laughing at? Effects of aggressive humor on employee strain and addictive behaviors. Personnel Psychology, 65(4), 859–885.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(1), 85–98.
Jia, L., Shaw, J. D., Tsui, A. S., & Park, T. Y. (2014). A social-structural perspective on employee-organization relationships and team creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 57(3), 869–891.
Jiang, T., Li, H., & Hou, Y. (2019). Cultural differences in humor perception, usage, and implications. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 123.
Kim, B. J., Park, S., & Kim, T. H. (2019). The effect of transformational leadership on team creativity: sequential mediating effect of employee’s psychological safety and creativity. Asian Journal of Technology Innovation, 27(1), 90–107.
Klein, K. J., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (2000). From micro to meso: critical steps in conceptualizing and conducting multilevel research. Organizational Research Methods, 3(3), 211–236.
Kong, D. T., Cooper, C. D., & Sosik, J. J. (2019). The state of research on leader humor. Organizational Psychology Review, 9(1), 3–40.
Lang, J. C., & Lee, C. H. (2010). Workplace humor and organizational creativity. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(1), 46–60.
Lee, A., Legood, A., Hughes, D., Tian, A. W., Newman, A., & Knight, C. (2020). Leadership, creativity and innovation: a meta-analytic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(1), 1–35.
Li, Z., Dai, L., Chin, T., & Rafiq, M. (2019). Understanding the role of psychological capital in humorous leadership-employee creativity relations. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1636.
Liang, J., Farh, C. I. C., & Farh, J. L. (2012). Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: a two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 71–92.
Lu, J. G., Martin, A. E., Usova, A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2019). Creativity and humor across cultures: where Aha meets Haha. In S. R. Luria, J. Baer, & J. C. Kaufman (Eds.), Creativity and humor (pp. 183–203). Academic Press.
Mesmer-Magnus, J., Glew, D. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2012). A meta-analysis of positive humor in the workplace. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(2), 155–190.
Meyer, J. C. (2000). Humor as a double-edged sword: four functions of humor in communication. Communication Theory, 10(3), 310–331.
Mooijman, M., Van Dijk, W. W., Ellemers, N., & Van Dijk, E. (2015). Why leaders punish: a power perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(1), 75–89.
Motro, D., Spoelma, T. M., & Ellis, A. P. J. (2020). Incivility and creativity in teams: Examining the role of perpetrator gender. Journal of Applied Psychology. Epub ahead of print 18 June 2020. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000757
Morse, J. M. (2016). Mixed method design: principles and procedures. London: Routledge.
Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: a systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521–535.
Peng, L., Lei, S., Guo, Y., & Qiu, F. (2020). How can leader humor enhance subordinates’ service creativity? The moderator of subordinates’ SFIT and the mediator of role modeling. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 865–882.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.
Pundt, A., & Venz, L. (2017). Personal need for structure as a boundary condition for humor in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(1), 87–107.
Robert, C., Dunne, T. C., & Iun, J. (2016). The impact of leader humor on subordinate job satisfaction: the crucial role of leader-subordinate relationship quality. Group & Organization Management, 41(3), 375–406.
Robinson, D. T., & Smith-Lovin, L. (2001). Getting a laugh: gender, status, and humor in task discussions. Social Forces, 80(1), 123–158.
Romero, E. J., & Cruthirds, K. W. (2006). The use of humor in the workplace. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(2), 58–69.
Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23(2), 224–253.
Schnurr, S., & Chan, A. (2011). When laughter is not enough: responding to teasing and self-denigrating humour at work. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(1), 20–35.
Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J. (2007). When is educational specialization heterogeneity related to creativity in research and development teams? Transformational leadership as a moderator. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1709–1721.
Simons, T. (2002). Behavioral integrity: the perceived alignment between managers’ words and deeds as a research focus. Organization Science, 13(1), 18–35.
Simons, T., Leroy, H., Collewaert, V., & Masschelein, S. (2015). How leader alignment of words and deeds affects followers: a meta-analysis of behavioral integrity research. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(4), 831–844.
Scheel, T. (2017). Definitions, theories, and measurement of humor. In T. Scheel, & C. Gockel (Eds.), Humor at work in teams, leadership, negotiations, learning and health (pp. 9–29). Cham: Springer.
Smuts, A. (2010). The ethics of humor: can your sense of humor be wrong? Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 13(3), 333–347.
Sover, A. (2018). The languages of humor: Verbal, visual, and physical humor. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Tost, L. P., Gino, F., & Larrick, R. P. (2013). When power makes others speechless: the negative impact of leader power on team performance. Academy of Management Journal, 56(5), 1465–1486.
Tremblay, M. (2017). Humor in teams: multilevel relationships between humor climate, inclusion, trust, and citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(4), 363–378.
Vallade, J. I., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Vela, L. E. (2013). Taking back power: using superiority theory to predict humor use following a relational transgression. Western Journal of Communication, 77(2), 231–248.
Van Kleef, G. A., Homan, A. C., Finkenauer, C., Gündemir, S., & Stamkou, E. (2011). Breaking the rules to rise to power: how norm violators gain power in the eyes of others. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(5), 500–507.
Vidyarthi, P. R., Liden, R. C., Anand, S., Erdogan, B., & Ghosh, S. (2010). Where do I stand? Examining the effects of leader–member exchange social comparison on employee work behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 849–861.
Wang, X. H. F., Kim, T. Y., & Lee, D. R. (2016). Cognitive diversity and team creativity: Effects of team intrinsic motivation and transformational leadership. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3231–3239.
Watkins, M. B., Ren, R., Umphress, E. E., Boswell, W. R., Triana, M. D. C., & Zardkoohi, A. (2014). Compassion organizing: employees’ satisfaction with corporate philanthropic disaster response and reduced job strain. Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 88(2), 436–458.
Yam, K. C., Barnes, C. M., Leavitt, K., Wei, W., Lau, J., & Uhlmann, E. L. (2019). Why so serious? A laboratory and field investigation of the link between morality and humor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(4), 758–772.
Yam, K. C., Christian, M. S., Wei, W., Liao, Z., & Nai, J. (2018). The mixed blessing of leader sense of humor: examining costs and benefits. Academy of Management Journal, 61(1), 348–369.
Yang, C., Yang, F., & Ding, C. (2021). Linking leader humor to employee creativity: the roles of relational energy and traditionality. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 36(7), 548–561.
Yu, A., Matta, F. K., & Cornfield, B. (2018). Is leader–member exchange differentiation beneficial or detrimental for group effectiveness? A meta-analytic investigation and theoretical integration. Academy of Management Journal, 61(3), 1158–1188.
Zalesny, M. D., & Ford, J. K. (1990). Extending the social information processing perspective: new links to attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 47(2), 205–246.
Zhou, J., & Hoever, I. J. (2014). Research on workplace creativity: a review and redirection. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 333–359.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (72002056) and the Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education Planning Fund in China (Grant No. 18YJA630149).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no financial interests or benefits to report.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Lu, L. & Zhang, J. Humorous yet safe: the contrasting moderating effects of leader integrity and leader humor differentiation on the linkage between leader humor and team creativity. Curr Psychol 43, 234–247 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04156-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04156-x