Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Know thyself: mindfulness partially explains the relationship between personal wisdom and meaning making

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Personal wisdom has been identified as a valuable resource in coping with difficult life events. However, previous studies have largely limited their focus on older adults; additionally, these studies have used well-being measures to assess successful coping strategies, which may underrepresent people who are surviving rather than thriving. Consequently, the current study tested if personal wisdom positively predicts meaning making, which is a key indicator of adjustment, and tested whether trait mindfulness partially mediates the relationship between personal wisdom and meaning making. Participants who had gone through an especially difficult life event were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed several self-report measures. Analyses indicated, regardless of age, personal wisdom positively predicts meaning making and mindfulness partially mediates the positive relationship between personal wisdom and meaning making. These findings are consistent with previous research and clarify the mechanisms that account for the positive relationship between personal wisdom and coping with difficult life events.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(1), P15-P27.

  • Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275–324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027503025003004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M. (2005). How wise people cope with crises and obstacles in life. ReVision, 28(1), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.3200/REVN.28.1.7-19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M. (2011). Wisdom, age, and well-being. In K. W. Schaie & S. L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (7th ed., pp. 279–291). Elsevier.

  • Ardelt, M., & Edwards, C. A. (2016). Wisdom at the end of life: An analysis of mediating and moderating relations between wisdom and subjective well-being. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71(3), 502–513.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ardelt, M., & Jeste, D. V. (2018). Wisdom and hard times: The ameliorating effect of wisdom on the negative association between adverse life events and well-being. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(8), 1374–1383. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Assmann, A. (1994). Wholesome knowledge: Concepts of wisdom in a historical and cross-cultural perspective. In D. L. Featherman, R. M. Lerner, & M. Perlmutter (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior. Life-span development and behavior, Vol. 12 (p. 187–224). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc..

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beaumont, S. L. (2011). Identity styles and wisdom during emerging adulthood: Relationships with mindfulness and savoring. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 11(2), 155–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2011.557298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno, G. A., Keltner, D., Holen, A., & Horowitz,M. J. (1995). When avoiding unpleasant emotionsmight not be such a bad thing: Verbal–autonomicresponse dissociation and midlife conjugal be-reavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 975–989.

  • Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Symes, J., Peters, E., Kuipers, E., & Dagnan, D. (2008). Responding mindfully to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Southampton mindfulness questionnaire (SMQ). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466508X314891.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C. G., Wortman, C. B., Lehman, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2000). Searching for meaning in loss: Are clinical assumptions correct? Death Studies, 24, 497–540.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, D. M., & Hayes, J. A. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 48(2), 198–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Etezadi, S., & Pushkar, D. (2013). Why are wise people happier? An explanatory model of wisdom and emotional well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 929–950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9362-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18(3), 233–239.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garland, E. L., Kiken, L. G., Faurot, K., Palsson, O., & Gaylord, S. A. (2017). Upward spirals of mindfulness and reappraisal: Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory with autoregressive latent trajectory modeling. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9768-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gebauer, J. E., Nehrlich, A. D., Stahlberg, D., Sedikides, C., Hackenschmidt, A., Schick, D., Stegmaier, C. A., Windfelder, C. C., Bruk, A., & Mander, J. (2018). Mind-body practices and the self: Yoga and meditation do not quiet the ego but instead boost self-enhancement. Psychological Science, 29(8), 1299–1308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618764621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glück, J. (2018). Measuring wisdom: Existing approaches, continuing challenges, and new developments. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(8), 1393–1403. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glück, J., & Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE life experience model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In The Scientific Study of Personal Wisdom (pp. 75–97). Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9231-14.

  • GlüCk, J., Bluck, S., Baron, J., Mcadams, D. P. (2005). The wisdom of experience: Autobiographical narratives across adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development 29(3):197–208.

  • Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis second edition: A regression-based approach (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.

  • Hobson, C. J., Kamen, J., Szostek, J., Nethercut, C. M., Tiedmann, J. W., & Wojnarowicz, S. (1998). Stressful life events: A revision and update of the social readjustment rating scale. International Journal of Stress Management, 5(1), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., Coleman, R. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010). The integration of stressful life experiences scale (ISLES): Development and initial validation of a new measure. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(4), 325–352. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Igarashi, H., Levenson, M. R., & Aldwin, C. M. (2018). The development of wisdom: A social ecological approach. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 73(8), 1350–1358. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiken, L. G., Garland, E. L., Bluth, K., Palsson, O. S., & Gaylord, S. A. (2015). From a state to a trait: Trajectories of state mindfulness in meditation during intervention predict changes in trait mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 81, 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.044.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnier, R. T., Tribbensee, N. E., Rose, C. A., & Vaughan, S. M. (2001). In the final analysis: More wisdom from people who have faced death. Journal of Counseling & Development, 79(2), 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01957.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunzmann, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2005). The psychology of wisdom: theoretical and empirical challenges. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Jordan (Eds.), A handbook of wisdom: psychological perspectives (p. 110–135). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610486.006.

  • MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007). Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39(3), 384–389.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moos, R. H., & Schaefer, J. A. (1986). Life transitions and crises: A conceptual overview. In R. H. Moos (Ed.), Coping with life crises: An integrated approach (pp. 3–28). Plenum Press.

  • Neimeyer, R. A. (2000). Searching for the meaning of meaning: Grief therapy and the process of reconstruction. Death Studies, 24(6), 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180050121480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2005). Religion as a meaning-making framework in coping with life stress. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 707–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00428.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. (2013). The grinch who stole wisdom. In M. Ferrari & N. M. Weststrate (Eds.), The Scientific Study of Personal Wisdom (pp. 3–21). Springer.

  • Shapiro, S., Siegel, R., & Neff, K. D. (2018). Paradoxes of mindfulness. Mindfulness, 9(6), 1693–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0957-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, A., & Dewangan, R. L. (2017). Can wisdom be fostered: Time to test the model of wisdom. Cogent Psychology, 4(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2017.1381456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N. A., Sabat, I. E., Martinez, L. R., Weaver, K., & Xu, S. (2015). A convenient solution: Using MTurk to sample from hard-to-reach populations. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 220–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.

  • Thomas, M. L., Bangen, K. J., Ardelt, M., & Jeste, D. V. (2017). Development of a 12-item abbreviated three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS-12) item selection and psychometric properties. Assessment, 24(1), 71–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, S., & Kunzmann, U. (2014). Age differences in wisdom-related knowledge: Does the age relevance of the task matter? Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(6), 897–905.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valeri, L., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2013). Mediation analysis allowing for exposure–mediator interactions and causal interpretation: Theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros. Psychological Methods, 18(2), 132–150. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031034.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhaeghen, P. (2019). The examined life is wise living: The relationship between mindfulness, wisdom, and the moral foundations. Journal of Adult Development, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-019-09343-y.

  • Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weststrate, N. M., & Glück, J. (2017). Hard-earned wisdom: Exploratory processing of difficult life experience is positively associated with wisdom. Developmental Psychology, 53(4), 800–814. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev000028.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Noah Ringler.

Ethics declarations

This study, including the procedure and its contents, was approved by the institutional review board at Claremont Graduate University.

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ringler, N. Know thyself: mindfulness partially explains the relationship between personal wisdom and meaning making. Curr Psychol 42, 5046–5054 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01853-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01853-x

Keywords

Navigation