Abstract
Canadian and Persian children’s moral judgments of lie- and truth-telling in prosocial, antisocial situations as well as individual vs. collective-oriented lies and truths in the light of parenting practices was investigated. One hundred and eighty data from each country have been gathered. In total 360 children in 4 different age groups (5, 7, 9, and 11) were recruited (M = 7.99; SD = 2.25). In both countries, children were read twelve scenarios. The scenarios depict events in different settings. The vignettes fall into following categories: (a)-prosocial situations (a child story character tell lies with intention to help, and to protect someone’s feelings from being hurt); (b)-antisocial situations (a child story character tell lies to avoid punishment or self-benefit); (c)- collective situations, a child story character either tell lies or tells the truth to help a group but harm an individual or vice versa. A 6-point Likert scale was used to examine children’s moral evaluations. Moreover, parents filled out a parenting practices questionnaire. Hierarchical linear regression model analyses showed the disparities among the different cultures. Results revealed that Persian children rated politeness lies more positively compared to Canadian children. No cultural or age difference were found in evaluations of collective lies. All participants rated antisocial lies negatively. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the impact of parental discipline methods on children’s moral evaluations of different lies. Current findings indicate that culture may influence moral judgments of lies and truths.
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Appendix A Vignettes
Appendix A Vignettes
Antisocial lies
Antisocial truth-telling story
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Here is Katie. Katie wanted to play with the skipping rope during gym class but discovered that one of her classmates, Sherry, was already playing with it. Katie told Sherry that she wanted the skipping rope. Sherry said ‘no’. Katie then pushed Sherry to the ground and made her cry. The teacher saw Sherry crying and she said, ‘Oh dear, Sherry’s been hurt.’ The teacher asked Katie, ‘Did you hurt Sherry?’ Katie said to her teacher, ‘yes, I did it.’
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Here is Ryan. Ryan wanted to make paper airplanes, so he tore some pages out of a storybook from the library. So Ryan tore the pages from a storybook, the teacher noticed the missing pages in the book; she said to the class, ‘I see that someone has torn some pages from this book.’ The teacher then asked Ryan, ‘Did you tear out the pages?’ Ryan said to his teacher, ‘I did it.’
Antisocial lie-telling story
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Here is Anna. Anna wanted to play with the skipping rope during gym class but discovered that one of her classmates, Lily, was already playing with it. Anna told Lily that she wanted the skipping rope. Lily said ‘no’. Anna then pushed Lily to the ground and made her cry. The teacher saw Lily crying and she said, ‘Oh dear, Lily’s been hurt.’ The teacher asked Anna, ‘Did you hurt Lily?’ Anna said to her teacher, ‘No, I did not do it.’
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Here is Shelly. Shelly wanted to make paper airplanes and gave it to her friend so she took one of the storybooks from the library and tore some pages out of a book. The teacher noticed the missing pages; she said to the class, ‘I see that someone has torn some of the pages in this book.’ The teacher then asked Shelly, ‘Did you tear out these pages?’ Shelly said to her teacher, ‘No, I did not do it.’
Politeness lies
Politeness lie-telling story
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Ellen was eating cake when her classmate, Ben, came over to see her. Ellen offered Ben a piece of cake and he began to eat it. Ellen asked him, ‘Do you like the cake?’ Ben thought that the cake was too dry, and he didn’t like it. Ben said, ‘Yes, I like it.’
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Mina’s father gave his daughter a new watch for her birthday. Mina brought her new watch to the school. She showed it to her friend Matthew and asked him, ‘Do you like my new watch?’ Matthew thought the watch was too big and did not like it. Matthew said, ‘Yes, I like it.’
Politeness truth-telling story
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Daniel was eating an apple when his classmate, Liz, came over to see him. Daniel gave Liz a half of apple and she began to eat it. Daniel asked Liz, ‘Do you like the apple?’ Liz thought that the apple was too sour and she didn’t like it. Liz said, ‘No, I don’t like it.’
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Kathy’s father bought her new sunglasses for her birthday. Kathy brought her new sunglasses to the school. Kathy let her friend Cindy see her new sunglasses in the break at school. After she saw the sunglasses, Kathy asked Cindy, ‘Do you like the sunglasses?’ Cindy thought the glasses looked pretty and liked them. Cindy said, ‘Yes, I like them.’
Collective lies
Telling the Truth to Help the Individual, Harm the Collective
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Here is Collin. Collin’s class had spaces available in the class choir for more singers to represent the class at school’s singing competition. Collin’s friend, Shannon, couldn’t sing very well, but she really wanted to be in the group, so she asked Collin to sign her up for it. Collin thought to himself, ‘If I sign Shannon up for the class, we will not do well at the competition, but Shannon is my friend, and if I don’t sign her up, she will be very upset.’ When Shannon asked Collin if he had signed her up for the class, Collin decided to help his friend. Collin told Shannon, ‘I have signed you up for the class.’
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Here is Jason. Jason’s class had spaces available in the basketball team for more players to represent the class at school annual competition. Jason’s friend, Ella, couldn’t play very well, but she really wanted to be in the basketball team, so she asked Jason to sign her up for it. Jason thought to himself, ‘If I sign Ella up for the basketball team, we will not do well at the competition, but Ella is my friend, and if I don’t sign her up, she will be very upset.’ When Ella asked Jason if he had signed her up for the basketball team, Jason decided to help his friend, Jason told Ella, ‘I have signed you up for the class’
Lying to Help the Collective, Harm the Individual
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Here is Casey. Casey’s class had spaces available in the class choir for more singers to represent the class at school’s singing competition. Casey’s friend, Maria, couldn’t sing very well, but she really wanted to be in the choir, so she asked Casey to sign her up for it. Casey thought to herself, ‘If I sign Maria up for the choir, we will not do well at the competition, but Maria is my friend, and if I don’t sign her up, she will be very upset.’ When Maria asked Casey if she had signed her up for the choir, Casey decided to help her class, Casey told Maria, ‘I couldn’t. There were no spaces left.’
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Here is Sam. Sam’s class had spaces available in the basketball team for more players to represent the class at school annual competition. Sam’s friend, Luke, couldn’t play very well, but he really wanted to be in the group, so he asked Sam to sign him up for. Sam thought to himself, ‘If I sign Luke up for the basketball team, we will not do well at the competition, but Luke is my friend, and if I don’t sign him up, he will be very upset.’ When Luke asked Sam if he had signed her up for the basketball team, Sam decided to help his class. Sam told Luke, ‘I couldn’t. There were no spaces left.’
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Mojdehi, A.S., Shohoudi, A. & Talwar, V. Children’s moral evaluations of different types of lies and parenting practices and across cultural contexts. Curr Psychol 41, 5420–5433 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01059-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01059-7