Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that academic performance depends on both intellective and nonintellective factors, but the nonintellective factors are potentially more modifiable, and tutoring services should target them. After analyzing the previous literature on nonintellective factors related to academic performance and the existent measures of these factors, we found the lack of a comprehensive instrument that includes psychological dimensions, study behaviors, and interpersonal and contextual factors. For these reasons a new questionnaire was generated and validated. The College Competencies Scale is composed of 48 items that measure 12 dimensions aggregated in 3 areas: Area of Study (Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, Time Management, Study Dedication), Area of Self-Concept (Learning Assessment, General Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, Reaction To Failures, Emotional Control), and Area of Relationships (Family Relationships, Fellow Student Relationships, Teacher Relationships). Psychometric features were suitable for all of them.
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Appendix
Appendix
College Competencies Scale
Qui di seguito troverai una serie di affermazioni relative ai tuoi sentimenti e comportamenti riguardo alla tua vita universitaria. Leggi attentamente ognuna di esse e indica quanto sono vere per te usando una scala che va da “Per niente” a “Del tutto”.
Below you can find a number of statements about your feelings and behaviors regarding your university life. Please, read carefully each of them and indicate what is true for you using a scale ranging from “Not at all” to “Extremely”.
Per niente Not at all | Poco Slightly | Abbastanza Moderately | Molto Very | Del tutto Extremely | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Aggiorno sempre i miei famigliari in merito all’andamento dei miei studi I always update my family on the progress of my studies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
2 | Condivido il più possibile i miei dubbi e le mie difficoltà con i miei colleghi di studio I share my doubts and my difficulties with my fellow students as much as possible | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3 | Penso che quasi tutti i miei/le mie docenti siano disponibili al dialogo I think most of my professors are open to dialogue | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
4 | Tutte le materie che studio mi interessano All the subjects that I study interest me | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
5 | Anche i giorni in cui non ho voglia, riesco a trovare la motivazione per dedicarmi almeno un po’ allo studio Even when I am not willing, I can find some motivation to dedicate at least a bit of my time towards my studies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
6 | Non mi faccio scoraggiare da un voto più basso di quello che pensavo di meritare I do not get discouraged by receiving a grade lower than what I thought I deserved | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
7 | So valutare con una certa precisione se sono pronto/a o meno per un esame I know with a certain degree of accuracy whether I am ready for an exam or not | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
8 | Riesco ad organizzare i miei impegni in modo tale da non dover sacrificare lo studio I can arrange my commitments so as not to sacrifice my study time | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
9 | Pensando alla mia vita in generale, penso di avere buone doti in molti campi Thinking about my life in general, I think I am talented in many fields | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
10 | Penso di essere in grado di poter raggiungere buoni risultati nello studio I think I am able to achieve good results in my studies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
11 | Mi dedico allo studio con molta dedizione I dedicate myself to my studies with great determination | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
12 | Non ho problemi di ansia quando devo sostenere un esame universitario I have no anxiety problems when I have to undertake a university exam | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
13 | Coinvolgo il più possibile i miei famigliari in merito ai miei studi I involve my family as much as possible in my studies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
14 | Quando ho bisogno, chiedo aiuto ai miei colleghi di studio When I need it, I ask my fellow students for help | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
15 | Se ne avessi bisogno, non avrei difficoltà a chiedere aiuto ai miei docenti If I need it, I would not have trouble asking my teachers for help | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
16 | Nella maggior parte dei casi studio volentieri perché mi piace farlo In most cases, I eagerly study because I like to do it | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
17 | So sempre trovare un modo per mettermi a studiare anche quando l’interesse scarseggia I always find a way to motivate myself to study even when I am not very interested | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
18 | Se un esame va male non mi demoralizzo If an exam goes wrong, I do not get discouraged | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
19 | Mentre mi preparo ad un esame, ho un’idea sufficientemente precisa del livello di apprendimento che di volta in volta raggiungo As I prepare for an exam, I have a sufficiently precise idea of the learning level that I have reached | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
20 | So pianificare il mio carico di studio in modo tale da non essere in ritardo I can plan my studies load so that I meet my deadline | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
21 | Quando mi capita di confrontarmi con gli altri, mi accorgo di avere buone capacità When I compare myself with others, I realize I have good skills | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
22 | Mi reputo uno/a studente/ssa con buone capacità di studio I consider myself a student with good study skills | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
23 | Mi impegno molto nello studio per ottenere dei buoni voti I study hard to get good grades | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
24 | Anche se emozionato/a, riesco ad essere completamente lucido/a durante gli esami universitari Although anxious, I can be completely clear headed during university exams | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
25 | Faccio in modo che i miei famigliari condividano i motivi per cui ho deciso di affrontare questo percorso di studi I make sure that my family members agree with the reasons why I decided to deal with this course of study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
26 | Sono riuscito/a a creare un gruppo di colleghi con i quali studiare I belong to a group of students to study with | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
27 | Ho buoni rapporti con tutti/e i/le docenti I have good relations with all the professors | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
28 | Quasi tutti i libri che studio trattano argomenti che mi piacciono Almost all the books I study deal with topics that I like | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
29 | Anche i giorni in cui sono un po’ svogliato/a, riesco a trovare il modo di studiare almeno un po’ Even the days when I feel a bit lazy, I can find a way to study at least a bit | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
30 | I miei insuccessi nello studio non mi demotivano My failures in my studies do not demotivate me | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
31 | Prima di un esame, so prevedere in modo sufficientemente preciso che voto prenderò Before an exam, I can predict fairly accurately the grade I will receive | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
32 | Riesco a dedicare ad ogni esame il tempo necessario per lo studio I can devote all the time I need to study for each exam | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
33 | Penso di essere una persona con buone potenzialità I think I’m a person with good potential | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
34 | Ho le capacità adeguate per poter raggiungere buoni risultati nello studio I have the skills to achieve good results in my studies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
35 | Sono molto costante nello studio I’m very constant in my studies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
36 | Affronto gli esami universitari con tranquillità I face university exams with calmness | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
37 | Mi capita di condividere con qualche mio famigliare le mie difficoltà con lo studio Sometimes I share my difficulties in my studies with someone in my family | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
38 | Mi confronto spesso con alcuni miei colleghi in merito alla modalità migliore di organizzare lo studio I often talk to my classmates about the best way to organize my studies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
39 | Considero i/le docenti come alleati/e che possono aiutarmi ad apprendere con più facilità I consider my professors as allies that can help me learn more easily | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
40 | Ogni corso che frequento mi insegna qualcosa di mio interesse Each course I attend teaches me something I am interested in | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
41 | Dedico del tempo a hobby o amici solo se quel giorno sono riuscito/a a studiare a sufficienza I spend time to hobbies or friends only if I have already studied enough that day | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
42 | Non mi scoraggio di fronte alle difficoltà che incontro negli studi I’m not discouraged by the difficulties I encounter in my studies | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
43 | So valutare con una certa precisione quali sono gli argomenti di una materia nei quali sono più o meno pronto I can evaluate with certain precision what the arguments are of a subject of study in which I’m more or less ready | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
44 | Riesco a trovare la giusta mediazione tra il tempo da dedicare allo studio e quello da dedicare ad altre attività I can find the right compromise between time spent studying and doing other activities | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
45 | Ho un’ottima stima di me stesso/a I have a good self esteem | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
46 | Posso affermare di essere un/una bravo/a studente/ssa I can say that I am a good student | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
47 | Affronto lo studio con molta tenacia I face my studies with great determination | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
48 | L’idea di dover sostenere un esame universitario non mi agita The idea of having a university exam does not shake me | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
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Boerchi, D., Magnano, P. & Lodi, E. Development and preliminary validation of the college competencies scale. Curr Psychol 40, 172–187 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9910-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9910-y