Skip to main content
Log in

Complex Processes of Religion and Spirituality Among Midwestern LGBTQ Homeless Young Adults

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Sexuality & Culture Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The role of religion and spirituality in young people’s lives is diverse and multifaceted. Little research has examined how religion shapes the experiences of socially marginalized groups, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) homeless young adults. This study illustrates how Midwestern LGBTQ homeless young people interpret the role of religion and spirituality in their lives. Drawing from a sample of 22 LGBTQ homeless young people between the ages of 19 and 26 years, we qualitatively explore how they distinctively frame religion, spirituality and religious identity through an intersectional lens of their life experiences. Our findings demonstrate the complex ways that young adults from multiple marginalized social groups can interpret religion in the unique context of their social environments. Many young people highlighted the positive impact of religion and spirituality in their lives by constructing them as sources of resilience. Other LGBTQ young adults also discussed how religion was often a source of stigma that interacted with participants’ highly vulnerable social environments and backgrounds. Implications for service providers and policy improvements are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Asakura, K. (2017). Paving pathways through the pain: A grounded theory of resilience among lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 27(3), 521–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton, B. C. (2012). Pray the gay away: The extraordinary lives of Bible Belt gays. New York: NYU Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Battle, J., & DeFreece, A. (2014). The impact of community involvement, religion, and spirituality on happiness and health among a national sample of Black lesbians. Women, Gender, and Families of Color, 2(1), 1–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, K., Thompson, S. J., McManus, H., Lantry, J., & Flynn, P. M. (2007). Capacity for survival: Exploring strengths of homeless street youth. Child and Youth Care Forum, 36(1), 25–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bottrell, D. (2009). Understanding ‘marginal’ perspectives: Towards a social theory of resilience. Qualitative Social Work, 8(3), 321–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Center for American Progress. (2010). Gay and transgender youth homelessness by the numbers. Retrieved August 1, 2017 from https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/lgbt/news/2010/06/21/7980/gay-andtransgender-youth-homelessness-by-the-numbers/.

  • Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charmaz, K., & Belgrave, L. L. (2002). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis. In J. F. Gubrium, J. A. Holstein, A. B. Marvasti, & K. D. McKinney (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of interview research: The complexity of the craft (pp. 347–365). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chong, V., Um, K., Hahn, M., Pheng, D., Yee, C., & Auerswald, C. (2009). Toward an intersectional understanding of violence and resilience: An exploratory study of young Southeast Asian men in Alameda and Contra Costa County, California. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(6), 461–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleverley, K., & Kidd, S. A. (2011). Resilience and suicidality among homeless youth. Journal of Adolescence, 34(5), 1049–1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cochran, B. N., Stewart, A. J., Ginzler, J. A., & Cauce, A. M. (2002). Challenges faced by homeless sexual minorities: Comparison of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender homeless adolescents with their heterosexual counterparts. American Journal of Public Health, 92(5), 773–777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, P. H. (2000). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, S., Zebracki, K., Rosenthal, S. L., Tsevat, J., & Drotar, D. (2006). Religion/spirituality and adolescent health outcomes: A review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(4), 472–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cray, A., Miller, K., & Durso, L. E. (2013). Seeking shelter: The experiences and unmet needs of LGBT homeless youth. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241–1299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in qualitative inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, A., & Galliher, R. (2010). Sexual minority young adult religiosity, sexual orientation conflict, self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 14(4), 271–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, A., & Galliher, R. V. (2012). The interplay of sexual and religious identity development in LGBTQ adolescents and young adults: A qualitative inquiry. Identity, 12(3), 217–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durso, L. E., & Gates, G. J. (2012). Serving our youth: Findings from a national survey of service providers working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute with True Colors Fund and The Palette Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebstyne King, P., & Furrow, J. L. (2004). Religion as a resource for positive youth development: Religion, social capital, and moral outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 40(5), 703–713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eliason, M. J. (2014). An exploration of terminology related to sexuality and gender: Arguments for standardizing the language. Social Work in Public Health, 29(2), 162–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fergus, S., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: A framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annual Review of Public Health, 26, 399–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson, K. M., Wu, Q., Dyrness, G., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2007). Perceptions of faith and outcomes in faith-based programs for homeless youth: A grounded theory approach. Journal of Social Service Research, 33(4), 25–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gahagan, J., & Colpitts, E. (2017). Understanding and measuring LGBTQ pathways to health: A scoping review of strengths-based health promotion approaches in LGBTQ health research. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(1), 95–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamarel, K. E., Walker, J. N. J., Rivera, L., & Golub, S. A. (2014). Identity safety and relational health in youth spaces: A needs assessment with LGBTQ youth of color. Journal of LGBT Youth, 11(3), 289–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gates, G. J., & Newport, F. (2012). Special report: 3.4% of U.S. adults identify as LGBT. Gallup. Retrieved August 1, 2017 http://www.gallup.com/poll/158066/special-report-adults-identify-lgbt.aspx.

  • Gattis, M. N., & Larson, A. (2016). Perceived racial, sexual identity, and homeless status-related discrimination among Black adolescents and young adults experiencing homelessness: Relations with depressive symptoms and suicidality. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(1), 79–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, J. J., & Goldbach, J. (2015). Religious conflict, sexual identity, and suicidal behaviors among LGBT young adults. Archives of Suicide Research, 19(4), 472–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grabbe, L., Nguy, S. T., & Higgins, M. K. (2012). Spirituality development for homeless youth: A mindfulness meditation feasibility pilot. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 21(6), 925–937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardt, J., & Rutter, M. (2004). Validity of adult retrospective reports of adverse childhood experiences: Review of the evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(2), 260–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, R. (2012). Young people, sexual orientation, and resilience. In M. Ungar (Ed.), The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice (pp. 325–335). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2011). The social environment and suicide attempts in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Pediatrics, 127(5), 896–903.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Pachankis, J. E., & Wolff, J. (2012). Religious climate and health risk behaviors in sexual minority youths: A population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 102(4), 657–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 813–821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horn, S. S., Kosciw, J. G., & Russell, S. T. (2009). Special issue introduction: New research on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: Studying lives in context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 863–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurd, N. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2010). Natural mentoring relationships among adolescent mothers: A study of resilience. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(3), 789–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, S. (2006). Interchanges: Gender, sexuality and heterosexuality: The complexity (and limits) of heteronormativity. Feminist Theory, 7(1), 105–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. R., & McEwen, M. K. (2000). A conceptual model of multiple dimensions of identity. Journal of College Student Development, 41(4), 405–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidd, S., & Shahar, G. (2008). Resilience in homeless youth: The key role of self-esteem. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(2), 163–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. L., & Lo, J. R. (2013). Transgender, transsexual, and gender queer individuals with a Christian upbringing: The process of resolving conflict between gender identity and faith. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 32(1), 60–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. L., & Reeves, P. (2011). Resolving identity conflict: Gay, lesbian, and queer individuals with a Christian upbringing. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 23(1), 53–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longo, J., Walls, N. E., & Wisneski, H. (2013). Religion and religiosity: Protective or harmful factors for sexual minority youth? Mental Health, Religion and Culture, 16(3), 273–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., et al. (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 115–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mastropieri, B., Schussel, L., Forbes, D., & Miller, L. (2015). Inner resources for survival: Integrating interpersonal psychotherapy with spiritual visualization with homeless youth. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(3), 903–921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30(3), 1771–1800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center on Family Homelessness. (2011). The characteristics and needs of families experiencing homelessness. Needham, MA: National Center on Family Homelessness. Retrieved August 1, 2017 http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED535499.pdf.

  • Page, M. J., Lindahl, K. M., & Malik, N. M. (2013). The role of religion and stress in sexual identity and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(4), 665–677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pargament, K. I., Tarakeshwar, N., Ellison, C. G., & Wulff, K. M. (2001). Religious coping among the religious: The relationships between religious coping and well-being in a national sample of Presbyterian clergy, elders, and members. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(3), 497–513.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ream, G. L., & Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). Reconciling christianity and positive non-heterosexual identity in adolescence, with implications for psychological well-being. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 2(3), 19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rokach, A. (2005). Homeless youth: Coping with loneliness. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 12(1–2), 91–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, S. T. (2005). Beyond risk: Resilience in the lives of sexual minority youth. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, 2(3), 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123(1), 346–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahgal, N., & Smith, G. (2009). A religious portrait of African–Americans. Pew Research Center’s Religion and Public Life Project. Retrieved August 1, 2017 http://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/30/a-religious-portrait-of-african-americans/.

  • Sandfort, T. G., Bakker, F., Schellevis, F., & Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2009). Coping styles as mediator of sexual orientation-related health differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(2), 253–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnoor, R. F. (2006). Being gay and Jewish: Negotiating intersecting identities. Sociology of Religion, 67(1), 43–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scourfield, J., Roen, K., & McDermott, L. (2008). Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender young people’s experiences of distress: Resilience, ambivalence and self-destructive behaviour. Health and Social Care in the Community, 16(3), 329–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siraj, A. (2012). “I don’t want to taint the name of Islam”: The influence of religion on the lives of Muslim Lesbians. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 16(4), 449–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S. J., Ryan, T. N., Montgomery, K. L., Lippman, A. D. P., Bender, K., & Ferguson, K. (2016). Perceptions of resiliency and coping: Homeless young adults speak out. Youth and Society, 48(1), 58–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, K. A. (2008). A comparison of risk factors for sexual victimization among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual homeless young adults. Violence and Victims, 23(5), 586–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, M. (Ed.). (2012). The social ecology of resilience: A handbook of theory and practice. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ungar, M. (2013). The impact of youth–adult relationships on resilience. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 4(3), 328–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waller, M. W., & Sanchez, R. P. (2011). The association between same-sex romantic attractions and relationships and running away among a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 28(6), 475–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitbeck, L. B. (2009). Mental health and emerging adulthood among homeless young people. New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, N. R., & Lindsey, E. (2006). Spirituality and religion in the lives of runaway and homeless youth: Coping with adversity. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 24(4), 19–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodell, B., Kazyak, E., & Compton, D. L. (2015). Reconciling LGB and Christian identities in the rural South. Social Sciences, 4(3), 859–878.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woronoff, R., Estrada, R., Sommer, S., & Marzullo, M. A. (2006). Out of the margins: A report on regional listening forums highlighting the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth in care. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M. A. (2013). Resiliency theory: A strengths-based approach to research and practice for adolescent health. Health Education and Behavior, 40(4), 381–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the Joyce O. Hertzler Sociological Research Fund sponsored by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Sociology Department.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rachel M. Schmitz.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in the study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals

This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schmitz, R.M., Woodell, B. Complex Processes of Religion and Spirituality Among Midwestern LGBTQ Homeless Young Adults. Sexuality & Culture 22, 980–999 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9504-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-018-9504-8

Keywords

Navigation