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Dual impacts of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on cancer cells: unravelling complex interactions

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  • Published:
Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling Aims and scope

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent, self-renewing stromal cells found in a variety of adult tissues. MSCs possess a remarkable ability to migrate towards tumor sites, known as homing. This homing process is mediated by various factors, including chemokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components present in the tumor microenvironment. MSCs release extracellular vesicles known as exosomes (MSC-Exos), which have been suggested to serve a key role in mediating a wide variety of MSC activities. Through cell–cell communication, MSC-Exos have been shown to alter recipient cell phenotype or function and play as a novel cell-free alternative for MSC-based cell therapy. However, MSC recruitment to tumors allows for their interaction with cancer cells and subsequent regulation of tumor behavior. MSC-Exos act as tumor niche modulators via transferring exosomal contents, such as specific proteins or genetic materials, to the nearby cancer cells, leading to either promotion or suppression of tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis, depending on the specific microenvironmental cues and recipient cell characteristics. Consequently, there is still a debate about the precise relationship between tumor cells and MSC-Exos, and it is unclear how MSC-Exos impacts tumor cells. Although the dysregulation of miRNAs is caused by the progression of cancer, they also play a direct role in either promoting or inhibiting tumor growth as they act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The utilization of MSC-Exos may prove to be an effective method for restoring miRNA as a means of treating cancer. This review aimed to present the existing understanding of the impact that MSC-Exos could have on cancer. To begin with, we presented a brief explanation of exosomes, MSCs, and MSC-Exos. Following this, we delved into the impact of MSC-Exos on cancer growth, EMT, metastasis, angiogenesis, resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and modulation of the immune system.

Graphical abstract

Opposing effects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes on cancer cells.

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Abbreviations

MVBs:

Multivesicular bodies

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

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Funding

This study is supported by University of Tabriz and National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Babak Jahangiri & Mohammad Khalaj-Kondori

  2. Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran

    Babak Jahangiri, Elahe Asadollahi & Ali Kian Saei

  3. Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Babak Jahangiri, Elahe Asadollahi & Majid Sadeghizadeh

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  1. Babak Jahangiri
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Correspondence to Mohammad Khalaj-Kondori.

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Jahangiri, B., Khalaj-Kondori, M., Asadollahi, E. et al. Dual impacts of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on cancer cells: unravelling complex interactions. J. Cell Commun. Signal. 17, 1229–1247 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12079-023-00794-3

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