Abstract
Energy efficiency, coupled with distributed renewable generation, is not only relevant to decrease the energy consumption and environmental emissions, but is also a large opportunity in terms of job creation and development of new business areas that stimulate investment (foreign and national). Moreover, energy efficiency and off-grid systems are a cost-effective strategy for a fast increase the number of people with energy access, as well as a way to fulfil the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals no. 7 by 2030. In Mozambique, in 2020, despite the significant efforts made by national authorities, only 32% of the inhabitants have access to electricity services. This paper presents an overview on the Mozambique electricity sector (grid-connected and off-grid) and how electric mobility, digitalization and energy efficiency may help the country to increase its electricity access rate. A characterization of Mozambique renewable energy potential per energy source, as well as the energy-efficient technology options in each sector, is carried out. Additionally, several key actions to improve energy access and to promote energy efficiency in Mozambique are also addressed. A variety of projects and key actions, addressing both the supply side and the demand side, is presented within this paper, supported by tailored policies and programs.
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Notes
Prices calculated in 2018.
Abbreviations
- AC:
-
Air conditioning
- ADEL Sofala:
-
Local Economic Development Agency of Sofala (Agência de Desenvolvimento Económico Local de Sofala)
- ADPP:
-
People to People Development Assistance (Ajuda de Desenvolvimento de Povo para Povo)
- ARENE:
-
National Energy Regulator Authority (Autoridade Reguladora de Energia)
- BAUS:
-
Business-as-usual scenario
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- DSOs:
-
Distribution system operators
- E-bus:
-
Electric bus
- EDM:
-
Mozambique Power Utility (Eletricidade de Moçambique)
- EE:
-
Energy efficiency
- EESAP:
-
Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan
- ESCO:
-
Energy Service Company
- EU:
-
European Union
- EVs:
-
Electric vehicles
- FEDESMO:
-
Mozambican Forum for Energy and Sustainable Development (Fórum de Energias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Mozambique)
- FUNAE:
-
Energy Fund (Fundo de Energia)
- GEAP:
-
Mozambique Green Economy Action Plan
- GoM:
-
Government of Mozambique
- HCB:
-
Cahora Bassa Dam (Hidroelétrica de Cahora Bassa)
- HESS:
-
High electricity savings scenario
- HVAC:
-
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
- ICT:
-
Information and communication technologies
- ICV:
-
Internal combustion vehicles
- IEA:
-
International Energy Agency
- IoT:
-
Internet of things
- IPP:
-
Independent power producers
- LCOE:
-
Levelized cost of energy
- LED:
-
Light-emitting diode
- LESS:
-
Low electricity savings scenario
- LNG:
-
Liquefied natural gas
- M&V:
-
Measurement and verification
- MEEC:
-
Mozambique Energy Efficiency Centre
- MEPS:
-
Minimum energy performance standards
- MESS:
-
Medium electricity savings scenario
- MIREME:
-
Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy
- NGO:
-
Non-governmental organization
- PAYG:
-
Pay as you go
- PV:
-
Solar photovoltaic
- RE:
-
Renewable energy
- REA:
-
Renewable Energy Atlas
- SADC:
-
Southern African Development Community
- SDGs:
-
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
- SHS:
-
Solar home systems
- USD:
-
US dollar
- VAT:
-
Value-added tax
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Acknowledgements
This paper is based in the recently launched Mozambique National Energy Efficiency Strategy and Action Plan (EESAP). The study from which this publication is based was produced with the financial support of the European Union. The contents of this article are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.
This study benefited from the large experience, expert knowledge and local data input from several institutions and individuals. The authors would like to express a special appreciation to these institutions and their staff, which provided a relevant contribution to this work:
• Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy (MIREME)
• Mozambique Power Utility (EDM)
• Maputo Metropolitan Transport Agency
• National Energy Regulator (ARENE)
• Confederation of Mozambique Economic Associations
• National Directorate of Energy
• Energy Fund (FUNAE)
• Mozambique National Land Transportation Institute
• National Statistics Institute
• National Institute for Standardisation and Quality
• Ministry of Transportation and Communications
• Eduardo Mondlane University
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de Almeida, A., Quaresma, N. & Biosse, E. The role of energy efficiency and renewable energies to accelerate sustainable energy access — a perspective case study of Mozambique. Energy Efficiency 15, 36 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-022-10045-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-022-10045-w