Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

FMSG: a framework for modeling and verification of a smart grid

  • Published:
Sādhanā Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

System requirements can occasionally be ill-defined and difficult to define. In this case, graphic representation of the system created using semi-formal modelling is advantageous. A smart power grid, for example, includes numerous important needs and function points. We can portray the system functionalities graphically to better grasp the requirements before moving forward with the formal definition. Though, graphic models like Unified Modeling Language (UML) have ambiguity issues as they work on predefined rules. On the other hand, the formal technique uses the correct-by-construction method to guarantee the system's dependability. The formal technique is based on well-practiced mathematical notation. In this article, a smart grid (SG) system based on blockchain (BC) is formally modelled and verified. The system requirements are validated using the formal modelling technique Event-B. To illustrate the system, we first suggest various graphical notations. After that, the notations are translated into a JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) format. Java executable codes are generated in order to validate the JSON schemas. The graphical model is then translated into Event-B specifications and validated using RODIN, a standard tool support.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. France R, Evans A, Lano K and Rumpe B 1998 The UML as a formal modeling notation. Comput. Stand. Interfaces 19(7): 325–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Karmakar R 2022 Symbolic Model Checking: A Comprehensive Review for Critical System Design. In: Advances in Data and Information Sciences in LNCS, 693–703

  3. Guha S, Nag A and Karmakar R 2021 Formal Verification of Safety-Critical Systems: A Case-Study in Airbag System Design. In: Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 107–116

  4. Baier C and Katoen J P 2008 Principles of model checking. The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  5. Karmakar R 2021 Formal verification techniques: A comparative analysis for critical system design. In: International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, Springer, 93–102

  6. Huth M and Ryan M 2004 Logic in Computer Science: Modelling and Reasoning about Systems. 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. Said M Y, Butler M and Snook C 2015 A method of refinement in UML-B. Softw. Syst. Model. 14(4): 1557–1580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Weixuan S, Hong Z, Yangzhen F, and Feng Chao F 2016 A method for the translation from UML into Event-B. In: 7th IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Service Science (ICSESS), Beijing, China: IEEE, 349–352

  9. Abrial J R 2005 The B-Book: Assigning Programs to Meanings. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 1726

    Google Scholar 

  10. Jacky J 1996 The Way of Z: Practical Programming with Formal Methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. Abrial J R 2010 Modeling in Event-B: System and Software Engineering. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Halder A and Karmakar R 2022 Mapping UML Activity Diagram into Z Notation. In: Innovative Data Communication Technologies and Application, 301–318

  13. Sengupta S and Bhattacharya S 2006 Formalization of UML use case diagram-a Z notation based approach. In: International Conference on Computing & Informatics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: IEEE. 1–6

  14. Snook C and Butler M 2008 Uml-B and Event-B: An Integration of Languages and Tools. In: Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering, SE 2008.

  15. Younes A B and Ayed L J B 2007 Using UML Activity Diagrams and Event B for Distributed and Parallel Applications. In: Proceeding of the 31st Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference Beijing, China: IEEE, 163–170

  16. Karmakar R 2023 A graphical tool for formal verification using Event-B modeling. Multimed. Tools Appl., 1-25

  17. “UML to JSON Schema - Software Ideas Modeler. 2022” https://www.softwareideas.net/uml-to-json (accessed Aug. 06, 2022)

  18. Fourati F, Bhiri M T and Robbana R 2022 Validating event-B models using PDDL. Procedia Comput. Sci. 207: 2638–2647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Karmakar R, Sarkar B B and Chaki N 2019 System Modeling Using Event-B: An Insight. SSRN Electron. J.

  20. Karmakar R and Dutta S 2022 Formal verification of a medical insurance system prototype: the Event-B modeling approach. Journal of Information Assurance and Security. 17: 25–34

    Google Scholar 

  21. Abrial J R, Butler M, Hallerstede S, Hoang T S, Mehta F and Voisin L 2010 Rodin: an open toolset for modelling and reasoning in Event-B. Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf. 12(6): 447–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Karmakar R 2022 A Framework for Component Mapping Between Event-B and Python. In: Ambient Communications and Computer Systems, LNNS. 129–139

  23. Bashir I 2018 Mastering Blockchain: Distributed ledger technology, decentralization, and smart contracts explained, 2nd edition, Packt Publishing

  24. Zheng Z, Xie D S, Chen H X and Wang H 2017 An overview of blockchain technology: architecture, consensus, and future trends. In: Proceedings of IEEE Int. Congr. Big Data BigData Congress.

  25. Daware K 2022 “Electrical Power Grid - Structure and Working.” https://www.electricaleasy.com/2016/01/electrical-power-grid-structure-working.html (accessed Aug. 06, 2022)

  26. Abrahamsen F E, Ai Y and Cheffena M, 2021 Communication Technologies for Smart Grid: A Comprehensive Survey. arXiv.

  27. Patil D S, Bormane, D D S and Patil D S C 2015 Communication Network for Smart Grid. IOSR J. Electron. Commun. Eng. 35–38

  28. Agung A A G and Handayani R 2022 Blockchain for smart grid. J. King Saud Univ. – Comput. Inf. 34(3): 666–675

    Google Scholar 

  29. Aggarwal S, Kumar N and Gope P 2021 An efficient blockchain-based authentication scheme for energy-trading in V2G networks. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 17(10): 6971–6980

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Karmakar R, Sarkar B B and Chaki N 2021 Event-B Based Formal Modeling of a Controller: A Case Study. In Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Computing and Systems, AISC 1255: 649–658

  31. Karmakar R and Sarkar B B 2021 A prototype modeling of smart irrigation system using Event-B. SN Comput. Sci. 2(1): 36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Karmakar R, Sarkar B B and Chaki N 2020 Event Ordering Using Graphical Notation for Event-B Models. In the proceedings of CISIM-2020, Poland, LNCS 12133

  33. Musleh A S, Yao G and Muyeen S M 2019 Blockchain applications in smart grid-review and frameworks. IEEE Access. 7: 86746–86757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kulkarni V and Kulkarni K 2020 A Blockchain-based Smart Grid Model for Rural Electrification in India. In proceedings of the2020 8th International Conference on Smart Grid (icSmartGrid). 133–139

  35. Snook C and Butler M 2006 UML-B: formal modeling and design aided by UML. ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol. 15: 92–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Dupuy S, Ledru Y and Chabre-Peccoud M 2000 An Overview of RoZ: A Tool for Integrating UML and Z Specifications,” In: Proceedings of the Active Flow and Combustion Control 2018, in Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 141:417–430

  37. Aderibole A et al. 2020 Blockchain technology for smart grids: decentralized NIST conceptual model. IEEE Access. 8: 43177–43190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ajomand N, Sami Ullah H and Aslam S 2020 A Review of Blockchain-based Smart Grid: Applications,Opportunities, and Future Directions. arXiv.

  39. Alladi T, Chamola V, Rodrigues J J P C and Kozlov S A 2021 Blockchain in smart grids: a review on different use cases. Sensors. 19(22)

  40. Mollah M B et al. 2021 Blockchain for future smart grid: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Internet Things J. 8(1): 18–43

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  41. Papadopoulos K 2019 Using Smart Contracts in Smart Energy Grid Applications. In: proceedings of the Int. Sci. Conf. Inf. Technol. Data Relat. Res.597–602

  42. Baza M, Nabil M, Ismail M, Mahmoud M, Serpedin E and Rahman M A 2019 Blockchain-Based Charging Coordination Mechanism for Smart Grid Energy Storage Units. In: proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain). 504–509

  43. Bureau A N 2023 Smart Grid Technology: How It Is Revolutionising Energy Management & Efficiency Jul. 05, 2023.https://news.abplive.com/technology/smart-grid-technology-how-it-is-revolutionising-energy-management-and-efficiency-1613786 (accessed Aug. 27, 2023)

  44. Sestrem I, Ochôa L, Silva A, Mello G, Garcia N M, Santana J F and Leithardt V R Q 2020 A Cost Analysis of Implementing a Blockchain Architecture in a Smart Grid Scenario Using Sidechains. Sensors 20(3): 843

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, India

    Rahul Karmakar, Payel Bera & Saheli Dutta

Authors
  1. Rahul Karmakar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Payel Bera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Saheli Dutta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rahul Karmakar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karmakar, R., Bera, P. & Dutta, S. FMSG: a framework for modeling and verification of a smart grid. Sādhanā 49, 131 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-024-02496-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-024-02496-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation