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Experimental study on drag characteristics of sill and baffles in forced unsubmerged and submerged hydraulic jumps

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Abstract

Sills and baffles are appurtenances used to stabilize hydraulic jump in a stilling basin. The force acting on these appurtenances are characterized by the drag coefficient (CD). This paper describes experimental methods carried out in a rectangular channel to analyze the drag characteristics of sill and baffles in free (unsubmerged) and submerged hydraulic jumps. The sills and baffles were designed as per the USBR type III stilling basin guidelines. A calibrated loadcell connected to an Arduino board was used to measure the drag force. Errors in measurements are limited to 1%. The drag co-efficient was obtained for different Froude numbers (F1=U1/√gy1) pertaining to strong jump (4.5–9) for different relative position of sills (xS/y2) and baffles (xb/y2) from the nozzle of the sluice gate. Both forced (unsubmerged) and submerged jumps were investigated. It is seen that the drag coefficient of appurtenances in submerged jumps were lower than those in free jumps. This may be attributed to the reduction in wake size in submerged jumps. Comparisons of the experimental results of the sill with the previous theoretical studies are reasonable.

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Abbreviations

CD :

Drag coefficient

Cdδ :

Local drag coefficient

FD :

Drag Force

Uj :

Efflux velocity in the wall jet

F1 :

Froude number

y1 :

Height of the nozzle for the wall jets, supercritical depth in free hydraulic jump

S:

Height of the sill per unit width

Hz:

Hertz

Hp:

Horsepower

Kw:

Kilo watt

Lj :

Length of the jump

Lsj :

Length of the submerged jump

Um :

Local maximum velocity in the wall jet

x:

Longitudinal distance

mm:

Millimeter

mV:

Milli volts

Sm :

Modified submergence

y0:

Opening of the gate

A:

Projected area

g:

Acceleration due to gravity

y2 :

Subcritical sequent depth

S:

Submergence factor

U1 :

Super critical mean velocity

yt :

Tail water depth

u:

Velocity at distance y from the wall

xb :

Distance from the toe of the jump to the position of the baffles in hydraulic jump for from the nozzle to the baffle in the wall jet.

xs :

Distance from the toe of the jump to the position of the sill in hydraulic jump or from the nozzle to the baffle in the wall jet.

s:

Subscript of the distance from the toe of the jump to the position of the sill in hydraulic jump or from the nozzle to the baffle in the wall jet.

Hg :

Depth of water behind the sluice gate

DSJ:

Deflected surface jet

RWJ:

Reattaching wall jet

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600048, India

    Nisha Khanam

  2. Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India

    B V Mudgal & Jailakshmi Menon

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  1. Nisha Khanam
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  2. B V Mudgal
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  3. Jailakshmi Menon
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Correspondence to Nisha Khanam.

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Khanam, N., Mudgal, B.V. & Menon, J. Experimental study on drag characteristics of sill and baffles in forced unsubmerged and submerged hydraulic jumps. Sādhanā 49, 41 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-023-02383-x

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