Abstract
At room temperature, the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of magnesium-calcium alloys (Mg-Ca) were investigated. Magnesium with calcium 0.3, 0.9, 1.5, 2.1, and 2.7 wt.% alloys were cast in an SF6 inert atmosphere. When the amount of calcium in the alloy changes from 0.3 to 2.7 wt.%, the grain size of the alloy was refined from 716 to 47 micrometres. Hardness (23-47 HV) was found to increase with an increase in Ca addition up to 1.5 wt.%. The work-hardening behaviour of Mg-Ca alloys deformed in tension was analysed and using Considere’s criteria, the absence of necking phenomena was found for all five alloys. Analysis of wear tests showed that the average COF values for Mg-0.3Ca (0.554) and Mg-2.7Ca (0.644) were higher than it was for other compositions with a similar average COF (∼0.3) value. Microstructural properties, such as grain size, volume fractions of Mg2Ca precipitates, and change in grain morphology (equiaxed into dendrites), were correlated to mechanical performance and wear rate variation to determine the optimal alloy composition.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adrian P Mouritz 2012 Magnesium alloys for aerospace structures. Intro. to Aero. Mater. Woodhead Publishing, pp. 224–231
Mordike B L and Ebert T 2001 Magnesium Properties - applications - potential. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 302(1): 37–45.
Rahim S A, Nikhil T T, Joseph M A and Hanas T 2021 In vitro degradation and mechanical behaviour of calcium phosphate coated Mg-Ca alloy. Mater. Technol. 36(12): 738–746
Cheng Y F, Du W B, Liu K, Fu J J, Wang Z H, Li S B Y and Jin-long F U 2020 Mechanical properties and corrosion behaviors of Mg−4Zn−0.2Mn−0.2Ca alloy after long term in vitro degradation. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 30(2): 363–372
Kim J H, Kang N E, Yim C D and Kim B K 2009 Effect of calcium content on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of wrought Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 525: 18–29
Villegas-Armenta L A, Drew R A L and Pekguleryuz M O 2020 The Ignition Behavior of Mg–Ca Binary Alloys: The Role of Heating Rate. Oxid. Met. 93: 545–558
Powell B R, Luo A A and Krajewski P E 2010 Magnesium alloys for lightweight powertrains and automotive bodies. Woodhead Publishing Limited, pp. 150-209
Yang W, Tekumalla S and Gupta M 2017 Cumulative effect of strength enhancer—Lanthanum and ductility enhancer - Cerium on mechanical response of magnesium”. Metals 7: 1–10
Alaneme K K and Okotete E A 2017 Enhancing plastic deformability of Mg and its alloys—A review of traditional and nascent developments. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 5(4): 460–475
Herrera-Solaz V, Hidalgo-Manrique P, Pérez-Prado M T, Letzig D, Llorca J and Segurado J 2014 Effect of rare earth additions on the critical resolved shear stresses of magnesium alloys. Mater. Lett. 128: 199–203
Zeng Z, Nie J, Xu S, Davies C and Birbilis N 2017 Super-formable pure magnesium at room temperature”. Nat. Commun. 8(972): 1–6
Kang X, Luo A A, Fu P, Li Z, Zhu T, Peng L and Ding W 2011 Optimization of magnesium-aluminum-tin alloys for as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties. Magnes. Technol. 2011: 161–165
Fu Y, Wang H, Liu X and Hao H 2017 Effect of calcium addition on microstructure, casting fluidity and mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Ce-Zr magnesium alloy. J. Rare Earths 35: 503–509
Shishir R, Rahim S A and Hanas T 2020 Effect of grain refinement on biodegradation and biomineralization of low calcium containing Mg-Ca alloy Mater. Res. Express 7: 2–11
Ding H L, Zhang P, Cheng G P and Kamado S 2015 Effect of calcium addition on microstructure and texture modification of Mg rolled sheets. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 25: 2875–2883
Zhao H L, Hua Y X, Dong X L, Xing H and Lu Y L 2020 Influence of trace Ca addition on texture and stretch formability of AM50 magnesium alloy sheet. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 30: 647–656
Medina J, Garces G, Pérez P, Stark A and Schell N 2020 High temperature mechanical behaviour of Mg–6Zn–1Y alloy with 1 wt.% calcium addition: Reinforcing effect due to I-(Mg3Zn6Y1) and Mg6Zn3Ca2 phases. J. Magnes. Alloy. 8(4): 1047–1060
Suresh K, Rao K P, Prasad Y V R K, Hort N and Kainer K U 2013 Effect of calcium addition on the hot working behavior of as-cast AZ31 magnesium alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 588: 272–279
Somekawa H, Singh A, Mukai T and Inoue T 2016 Effect of alloying elements on room temperature tensile ductility in magnesium alloys. Philos. Mag. 96(25): 2671–2685
Trang T T T, Zhang J H, Kim J H, Zargaran A, Hwang J H, Suh B C and Kim N J 2018 Designing a magnesium alloy with high strength and high formability”. Nat. Commun. 9: 1–6
Harandi S E, Mirshahi M, Koleini S, Idris M H, Jafari H and Kadir M R A 2013 Effect of calcium content on the microstructure, hardness and in-vitro corrosion behavior of biodegradable mg-ca binary alloy. Mater. Res. 16(1): 11–18
Xu B, Sun J, Yang Z, Han J and Song D 2020 Jiang J and Ma A 2020 Wear Behavior of the Multiheterostructured AZ91 Mg Alloy Prepared by ECAP and Aging. Scanning 4873286: 1–10
Prasad Y V R K and Rao K P 2009 Effect of homogenization on the hot deformation behavior of cast AZ31 magnesium alloy. Mater. Des. 30: 3723–3730
Ayerdi J J, Aginagalde A, Llavori I, Bonse J, Spaltmann D and Zabala A 2021 Ball-on-flat linear reciprocating tests: Critical assessment of wear volume determination methods and suggested improvements for ASTM D7755 standard. Wear 470: 1–10
Salahshoor M and Guo Y 2012 Biodegradable orthopedic magnesium-calcium (MgCa) alloys, processing, and corrosion performance. Materials 5: 135–155
Łakoma P, Ditze A and Scharf C 2018 Dendritic structure formation of magnesium alloys for the manipulation of corrosion properties: Part 1 – microstructure. Int. J. Mater. Res. 109: 1081–1091
Jalali M S, Zarei-Hanzaki A, Mosayebi A M, Abedi H R, Malekan M, Kahnooji M, Farabi E, Kim S H Unveiling the influence of dendrite characteristics on the slip/twinning activity and the strain hardening capacity of Mg-Sn-Li-Zn cast alloys, J. Magnes. Alloys : 1-19
Wu M wu, Hua L and Xiong S mei 2018 Modeling studies on divorced eutectic formation of high pressure die cast magnesium alloy. China Foundry 15: 58–65
Zeng Z R, Bian M Z, Xu S W, Davies C H J, Birbilis N and Nie J F 2016 Effects of dilute additions of Zn and Ca on ductility of magnesium alloy sheet. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 674: 459–471
Sun H F, Li C J, Xie Y and Fang W B 2012 Microstructures and mechanical properties of pure magnesium bars by high ratio extrusion and its subsequent annealing treatment. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 22(2): 445–449
Cáceres C H and Blake A H 2007 On the strain hardening behaviour of magnesium at room temperature. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 462: 193–196
Alharbi H F and Luqman M 2018 El-Danaf E and Alharthi N H 2018 Experimental and Numerical Study of Texture Evolution and Anisotropic Plastic Deformation of Pure Magnesium under Various Strain Paths. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2867281: 1–12
Baby A K, Rajendrakumar P K and Lawrence K D 2022 Influence of honing angle on tribological behaviour of cylinder liner–piston ring pair: Experimental investigation. Tribol. Int. 167(103755): 1–11
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Babu, S., Gangolu, S. & Joseph, M.A. Effect of calcium addition on the microstructure evolution, work hardening rate and wear resistance of the magnesium-calcium binary alloy at room temperature. Sādhanā 48, 20 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-023-02082-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-023-02082-7