Road risk assessment using fuzzy Context-free Grammar based Association Rule Miner

Abstract

Road traffic accidents are a major social concern as well as a crucial issue for the public in recent days due to the risk factors involved. Analysing and identifying the major risk factors of road accident is still a challenging task. In this paper, a fuzzy Context-free Grammar (FCFG)-based association rule mining (ARM) technique is proposed to categorize a heterogeneous road accident dataset into two categories based on the critical factors such as total number of accidents (TA), persons killed (PK) and persons injured (PI). The role of the fuzzy grammar in this paper is to govern the entire algorithm using the prescribed grammar rules to proceed further. The considered road accident dataset does not have class labels; hence there is a need to assign class labels for the available data instance. The accident data with assigned class labels are given as input to K-nearest neighbour (KNN) machine learning algorithm in order to train the classifier for testing purpose. Further, the collected test data from the user are utilized by the KNN classifier for carrying out the performance analysis of the proposed algorithm. The case study is conducted on the National Highway roads, India, to examine the proposed approach. The experimentations are executed for road accident records using MATLAB software and the analysis is made using the following performance measures: accuracy, recall or sensitivity, precision or specificity and F1 score. A comparative study is accomplished with existing algorithms in order to show that the proposed algorithm works with improved accuracy of more than 83%. The results suggested that the road users are responsible for the acceptance or rejection of safe or un-safe roads, respectively.

Appendix

Sample training data (2015).

State	Type of road	Type of vehicles	Age of persons	Gender of persons	Weather conditions	Time of accident occurrence	Type of location	Nature of accident	Total number of accidents	Persons killed	Persons injured
Andhra Pradesh	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	35931	11573	38738
Arunachal Pradesh	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	350	158	343
Assam	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	10837	3955	10264
Bihar	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	11282	6641	6806
Chhattisgarh	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	18761	4843	15574
Goa	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	9140	657	3825
Gujarat	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	31923	10953	26914
Haryana	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	13764	5838	12223
Himachal Pradesh	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	5177	1616	7856
Jammu & Kashmir	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	9859	1581	12915
Jharkhand	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	7688	4125	5311
Karnataka	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	69371	16339	80270
Kerala	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	65924	7020	66928
Madhya Pradesh	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	85131	12772	80854
Maharashtra	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	101657	23014	66123
Manipur	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	1090	235	1932
Meghalaya	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	830	263	433
Mizoram	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	119	109	143
Nagaland	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	89	45	112
Orissa	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	15032	5937	11817
Punjab	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	10108	6922	5785
Rajasthan	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	40482	17203	40915
Sikkim	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	270	97	368
Tamil Nadu	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	117854	26130	126365
Telangana	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	35400	11401	34272
Tripura	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	1021	245	1526
Uttarakhand	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	2394	1454	2432
Uttar Pradesh	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	46593	24539	29121
West Bengal	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	15441	7657	13059
A & N Islands	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	495	33	608
Chandigarh	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	618	189	480
D & N Haveli	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	62	33	79
Daman & Diu	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	88	58	60
Delhi	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	9814	1890	8901
Lakshadweep	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	4	0	4
Puducherry	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Male	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	2392	414	2070
Andhra Pradesh	National Highway	Two wheeler	<18	Female	Fine	06–900 h	Near school/college	Overturning	35931	11231	38738

Sample testing data (2016).

Total no. of accidents	Persons killed	Persons injured
36020	11493	41673
64764	11241	63033
14937	4020	13421
2946	387	2716
10240	5714	6148
16042	6425	15244
370	235	408
8778	3279	6660
8658	5724	5003
7166	4149	4594
72330	17303	76945
70031	7109	68508
88538	14010	82925
570	195	367
53	32	81
87	38	87
6877	1425	5568
420	233	566
11986	3941	8468
9627	5479	5933
18227	4259	15450
34794	12825	27488
645	92	1124
594	166	307
81	87	44
8993	4211	8849
5347	4003	3012
14119	8469	13417
172	80	184
54030	14560	56978
2828	895	4167
3772	626	4337
6319	3451	4183
488	174	728
1649	1077	1519
31837	18683	19269
4040	2146	2571
33055	7433	36468
34143	3773	36661
70	50	108
39	16	49
3656	828	2638
162	60	95
2139	329	2158
525	154	274
69	59	48
327	56	139
2261	1542	2119
37555	26464	27745
12301	4712	7139
235	22	233
229	124	121
54	39	79
65	30	38
21587	8364	20751
229	153	432
615	210	862
1575	1038	1327
31999	18547	19193