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Breakthroughs in Information and Communication Technologies Part II

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Abstract

In Part 1 of this series of articles, I defined what is meant by a breakthrough in ICT, listed fourteen breakthroughs in chronological order, and described five breakthroughs. In this second part of the three-part series of articles on Breakthroughs in Information and Communication Technologies, I describe four more breakthroughs: Computer Graphics, Internet, Global Positioning Systems, and the World WideW eb. As in the last part, I will justify why I consider them as breakthroughs and briefly describe each of them.

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Suggested Reading

  1. Brief History of Computer Graphics, www.technotif.com/brief-history-of-computer-graphics

  2. Riad Chikhani,The History of gaming: an evolving community. https://doi.org/techcrunch.com/2015/10/31/the-history-of-gaming-an-evolving-community/

  3. Robert Hobbes Zakon, Hobbes’ Internet Timeline 25, www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/

  4. V Rajaraman, Introduction to Information Technology, 3rd Edition, PHI Learning, Delhi, pp.152–157, 2015.

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  5. Kim Ann Zimmermann, Jesse Emspak, Internet History Timeline: ARPANET to the WorldWide Web, June 17, 2017, www.livescience.com

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  6. GPS history, chronology, and budgets, https://doi.org/www.cs.cmu.edu/readings/GPS

  7. John WBetz, Engineering Satellite-based Navigation and Timing: Global Navigation Satellite Systems, Signals, and Receivers, IEEE and John Wiley, New York, 2015.

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  8. History of the World Wide Web, World Wide Web Foundation, https://doi.org/webfoundation.org/about/vision/

  9. Lenny Zelster, Early History of the World Wide Web: Origin and beyond, 2015, https://doi.org/www.zelster.com/web-history/

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Supercomputer Education & Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560 012, India

    V. Rajaraman

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  1. V. Rajaraman
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Correspondence to V. Rajaraman.

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V Rajaraman is at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. Several generations of scientists and engineers in India have learnt computer science using his lucidly written textbooks on programming and computer fundamentals. His current research interests are parallel computing and history of computing.

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Rajaraman, V. Breakthroughs in Information and Communication Technologies Part II. Reson 23, 885–904 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-018-0691-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-018-0691-2

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