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Evolution of Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite volcanic suites along the northern margin of the Ladakh magmatic arc, NW Himalaya, India

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Abstract

This paper describes a comprehensive geochemical study of basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite volcanic association in the Khardung volcanic suite along the northern margin of the Ladakh magmatic arc. This volcanic association is outcropped mainly in the segment of the further north of the Khardung village to Khalsar delineating from the Ladakh magmatic arc by ~2 km thick porphyritic sill. The closed association of basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite volcanic within a volcanic suite suggests that these rocks may be genetically inter-related and might have derived from the same parental magma source. Felsic lavas (dacite–rhyolite) show SiO2 range from 64.75 to 79.11 wt.%, while intermediate lavas (basaltic andesite–andesite) ranges from 50.80 to 51.81 wt.% with mafic lavas (basalt) span from 53.39 to 62.05 wt.%. These volcanic suites show enrichment in LIL elements (Rb, Ba, Th, U, and Pb) and depletion in Nb, P, and Ti, which can be evident in spider diagrams with pronounced to mild Eu negative anomalies in REE patterns. Previous reports on zircon U–Pb ages of the Khardung volcanics range between 60 and 69.7 Ma confirm an upper bound eruption age of this volcanic suite as pre-collision continental arc magmas. Hence, the results of geochemical modelling suggest that the Khardung mafic–intermediate-felsic lavas were generated from the melting of 1–4% spinel and garnet-bearing lherzolite sources. The generated parental magmas were modified by crustal materials during the magma ascent along with fractional crystallization and were metasomatized by slab-derived fluids released from the subducting Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust during the Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene in the northern margin of the Ladakh magmatic arc.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Dr Kalachand Sain, Director, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), Dehradun for the kind encouragement and providing facilities to publish this work. They sincerely thank Chandra Sekhar, Rakesh Kumar, and Sarita for help during geochemical analysis using XRF and ICPMS techniques. This study is a part of the doctoral (Ph.D.) work of the first author. Authors extend their sincere gratitude to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions, which helped to improve the manuscript considerably and Prof. N V Chalapathi Rao for efficient editorial handling.

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  1. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, 33 GMS Road, Dehradun, 248 001, India

    Nongmaithem Lakhan, A Krishnakanta Singh & Govind Oinam

  2. Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India

    B P Singh

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247 667, India

    Kshetrimayum Premi

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Lakhan, N., Singh, A.K., Singh, B.P. et al. Evolution of Late Cretaceous to Palaeogene basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite volcanic suites along the northern margin of the Ladakh magmatic arc, NW Himalaya, India. J Earth Syst Sci 129, 108 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-1372-6

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