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The Interplay of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dopamine Agonists as an Effective Disease-Modifying Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological ailment with a slower rate of advancement that is more common in older adults. The biggest risk factor for PD is getting older, and those over 60 have an exponentially higher incidence of this condition. The failure of the mitochondrial electron chain, changes in the dynamics of the mitochondria, and abnormalities in calcium and ion homeostasis are all symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and an energy deficit are linked to these alterations. Levodopa (L-DOPA) is a medication that is typically used to treat most PD patients, but because of its negative effects, additional medications have been created utilizing L-DOPA as the parent molecule. Ergot and non-ergot derivatives make up most PD medications. PD is successfully managed with the use of dopamine agonists (DA). To get around the motor issues produced by L-DOPA, these dopamine derivatives can directly excite DA receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. In the past 10 years, two non-ergoline DA with strong binding properties for the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) and a preference for the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) subtype, ropinirole, and pramipexole (PPx) have been developed for the treatment of PD. This review covers the most recent research on the efficacy and safety of non-ergot drugs like ropinirole and PPx as supplementary therapy to DOPA for the treatment of PD.

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Data Availability

The datasets supporting the findings of this study are included in the article.

Abbreviations

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

L-DOPA:

Levodopa

DA:

Dopamine agonists

DALYs:

Disability-adjusted life years

D3R:

D3 receptors

D2R:

D2 receptors

IR:

Immediate-release

PROUD:

Pramipexole on underlying disease

UPDRS:

Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale

C max :

Maximum plasma concentration

SKF:

SmithKline and French

CYP:

Cytochrome

PR:

Prolonged release

PPx:

Pramipexole

PK:

Pharmacokinetics

US-FDA:

US Food and Drug Administration

EMA:

European Medicines Agency

EASE-PD:

Efficacy and Safety Evaluation in Parkinson’s Disease

Ropinirole-XL/PR:

Extended/prolonged release

SR:

Sustained-release

Ropinirole-CR:

Controlled-release

AEs:

Adverse events

SMN:

Sensorimotor network

ICA:

Independent component analysis

GTA:

Graph theoretical analysis

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Acknowledgements

Support of the Department of Science and Technology, DST PURSE grant (No. SR/PURSE Phase 2/39[C]), and DST FIST (No. SR/FST/LS-I/2017/05[C]) to Jamia Hamdard is acknowledged. The authors would like to thank the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for supporting Suhel Parvez (No. 36/9/2020-Toxi/BMS). Ms. Neha received the Senior Research Fellowship from the DST-INSPIRE (File No. DST/INSPIRE/03/2019/001769. IVR No. 201900031405]. Senior Research Fellowship from ICMR (No. 45/41/2019-NAN-BMS) to Dr. Pooja Kaushik is also acknowledged.

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  1. Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India

    Neha, Iqra Mazahir, Sara Akhtar Khan, Pooja Kaushik & Suhel Parvez

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P.K. and S.P. designed the review; N., I.M., and S.A.K. wrote the review. S.P. acquired the funding.

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Neha, Mazahir, I., Khan, S.A. et al. The Interplay of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dopamine Agonists as an Effective Disease-Modifying Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-04078-8

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