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Comprehensive Insight into the Functional Roles of NK and NKT Cells in HTLV-1-Associated Diseases and Asymptomatic Carriers

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Abstract

Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the first human oncogenic retrovirus to be discovered and causes two major diseases: a progressive neuro-inflammatory disease, termed HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and an aggressive malignancy of T lymphocytes known as adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Innate and acquired immune responses play pivotal roles in controlling the status of HTLV-1-infected cells and such, the outcome of HTLV-1 infection. Natural killer cells (NKCs) are the effector cells of the innate immune system and are involved in controlling viral infections and several types of cancers. The ability of NKCs to trigger cytotoxicity to provide surveillance against viruses and cancer depends on the balance between the inhibitory and activating signals. In this review, we will discuss NKC function and the alterations in the frequency of these cells in HTLV-1 infection.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the vice Chancellor for research of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Maryam Mahdifar, Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee & Houshang Rafatpanah

  2. Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Reza Boostani

  3. Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Graham P. Taylor

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  1. Maryam Mahdifar
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  2. Reza Boostani
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  3. Graham P. Taylor
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  4. Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
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  5. Houshang Rafatpanah
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Contributions

Houshang Rafatpanah and Maryam Mahdifar contributed to the study conception, design, and data collection. Houshang Rafatpanah and Maryam Mahdifar wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors commented on previous versions. All authors approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Houshang Rafatpanah.

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Mahdifar, M., Boostani, R., Taylor, G.P. et al. Comprehensive Insight into the Functional Roles of NK and NKT Cells in HTLV-1-Associated Diseases and Asymptomatic Carriers. Mol Neurobiol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-024-03999-8

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