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The role of non-coding RNAs in neuroinflammatory process in multiple sclerosis

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Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system chronic neuroinflammatory disease followed by neurodegeneration. The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid testing and magnetic resonance imagining. There is still a lack of a diagnostic blood-based biomarker for MS. Due to the cost and difficulty of diagnosis, new and more easily accessible methods are being sought. New biomarkers should also allow for early diagnosis. Additionally, the treatment of MS should lead to the personalization of the therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as well as their target genes participate in pathophysiology processes in MS. Although the detailed mechanism of action of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs, including miRNAs and lncRNAs) on neuroinflammation in MS has not been fully explained, several studies were conducted aiming to analyse their impact in MS. In this article, we review up-to-date knowledge on the latest research concerning the ncRNAs in MS and evaluate their role in neuroinflammation. We also point out the most promising ncRNAs which may be promising in MS as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.

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Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

APC:

Antigen-presenting cells

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BDMCs:

Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells

BMDMs:

Bone marrow-derived macrophages

CCL2:

C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2

CCR6:

C-C Chemokine receptor 6

CDMS:

Clinically definite MS

CIS:

Clinically isolated syndrome

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

CXCL1:

C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1

CXCL10:

C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10

CXCL13:

C-X-C Motif chemokine 13

dCLNs:

Deep cervical lymph nodes

DA:

Dark Agouti

DCs:

Dendritic cells

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

EVs:

Extracellular vesicles

FACS:

Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

SELE:

E-selectin

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte Macrophage Colony- Stimulating Factor

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

IL:

Interleukin

KO:

Knockout

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LincRNA:

Long intergenic non-coding RNA

LncRNA:

Long non-coding RNA

miR, miRNA:

MicroRNA

MALAT1:

Metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1

MMP9:

Matrix metalloproteinase 9

MOG:

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

MRC1:

Mannose Receptor C-Type 1

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

n:

Number

ncRNAs:

non-coding RNAs

OPN:

Osteopontin

PBMC:

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells

p.i.:

Post-immunization

PPMS:

Primary progressive MS

PVG:

Piebald Virol Glaxo

RIS:

Radiologically isolated syndrome

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RRMS:

Relapsing-remitting MS

Smad7:

Suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic 7

SOCS:

Suppressor of cytokine signalling proteins

Th17:

T helper 17

TNFα:

Tumour necrosis factor α

WT:

Wild type

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Acknowledgements

This work was written by the members of the International and Intercontinental Cardiovascular and Cardiometabolic Research Team (I-COMET; www.icomet.science).

Funding

The work was supported financially as part of the research grant ‘OPUS’ from National Science Centre, Poland (grant number 2018/31/B/NZ7/01137).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Preclinical Research and Technology CEPT, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B str., 02-097, Warsaw, Poland

    Anna Nowak, Zofia Wicik, Marta Wolska, Piotr Szwed, Joanna Jarosz-Popek, Marek Postula, Anna Czlonkowska, Dagmara Mirowska-Guzel & Ceren Eyileten

  2. Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Anna Nowak, Marta Wolska & Joanna Jarosz-Popek

  3. Department of Medical Pharmacology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey

    Andleeb Shahzadi

  4. Genomics Core Facility, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

    Jeffrey Palatini & Ceren Eyileten

  5. 2Nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, 02-957, Warsaw, Poland

    Anna Czlonkowska

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  1. Anna Nowak
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Contributions

AN, CE, AS, DMG contributed to writing—original draft preparation; CE, AN, ZW, MP, DMG, AC, JP, PS, JJP helped in writing—revision and editing; CE, ZW contributed to visualization; CE, JP, MP, DMG helped in supervision.

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Correspondence to Ceren Eyileten.

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Nowak, A., Wicik, Z., Wolska, M. et al. The role of non-coding RNAs in neuroinflammatory process in multiple sclerosis. Mol Neurobiol 59, 4651–4668 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-022-02854-y

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