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Environmental Enrichment Rescues Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Impairments Induced by Maternal Care Deprivation: Sex- and Developmental-Dependent Differences

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Abstract

Stress is related to major depressive disorder (MDD). This study investigated the action that early stress, represented by maternal deprivation (MD), has on the behavior and oxidative stress of Wistar female and male rats. Also, it was evaluated whether changes induced by MD could be reversed by environmental enrichment (EE). Male and female rats were divided into a non-MD and MD group. The MD group was subdivided into 3 groups: (1) assessed on the 31st day after exposure to EE for 10 days, (2) assessed on the 41st day after exposure to EE for 20 days, and (3) assessed on the 61st day after exposure to EE for 40 days. Behavioral tests were performed (memory habituation and elevated plus maze). Oxidative stress parameters were evaluated peripherally. MD was able to promote anxiety-like behavior at postnatal day (PND) 41 and impair memory at PND 31 and PND 61 in male and PND 41 and PND 61 in female rats. MD was associated with increased oxidative stress parameters (reactive species to thiobarbituric acid levels (TBARS), carbonylated proteins, nitrite/nitrate concentration), and altered antioxidant defenses (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and sulfhydryl content) in different stages of development. The EE was able to reverse almost all behavioral and biochemical changes induced by MD; however, EE effects were sex and developmental period dependent. These findings reinforce the understanding of the gender variable as a biological factor in MDD related to MD and EE could be considered a treatment option for MDD treatment and its comorbidities.

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Data availability

Data will be made available on reasonable request.

This study is according to ethical concerns and it was approved by the ethics committee from UNESC under protocol number: 070/2018–1.

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Acknowledgements

Translational Psychiatry Program (USA) is funded by a grant from the National Institute of Health/National Institute of Mental Health (1R21MH117636-01A1, to JQ). Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders (USA) is funded by the Pat Rutherford Jr. Chair in Psychiatry, John S. Dunn Foundation and Anne and Don Fizer Foundation Endowment for Depression Research. Translational Psychiatry Laboratory (Brazil) is funded by grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (GZR and JQ), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (JQ and GZR), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Estado de Santa Catarina (FAPESC) (GZR and JQ), Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (JQ, and GZR), and Instituto Cérebro e Mente (JQ and GZR). JQ is a 1A and GZR is 2 CNPq Researches Fellow.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil

    Gislaine Z. Réus, Morgana S. Abitante, Luana M. Manosso, Airam B. de Moura, Laura A. Borba, Maria Eduarda M. Botelho, Ana Caroline Darabas, Julia P. Demo, João Paulo Behenck, Camila O. Arent & João Quevedo

  2. Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão, SC, Brazil

    Leandro Garbossa, Larissa Joaquim & Fabricia Petronilho

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

    Taiane A. Cardoso

  4. Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA

    João Quevedo

  5. Center of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA

    João Quevedo

  6. Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    João Quevedo

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  1. Gislaine Z. Réus
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  2. Morgana S. Abitante
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  3. Luana M. Manosso
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  4. Airam B. de Moura
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  5. Laura A. Borba
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  6. Maria Eduarda M. Botelho
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  7. Ana Caroline Darabas
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  10. Camila O. Arent
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  12. Larissa Joaquim
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  13. Taiane A. Cardoso
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  15. João Quevedo
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Contributions

All authors participated in the design and interpretation of the studies, analyzed the data, and reviewed manuscript; ABM performed maternal deprivation protocol. LAB, MEMB, ABM, ACD, JPD, and JPB performed EE protocol, behavioral tests, and the sample collection. LG, LJ, and FP performed the oxidative stress analysis. GZR, TAC, and COA performed statistical analysis. LMM, MSA, and GZR wrote the manuscript. JQ reviewed the manuscript. GZR did the design of experiment and reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Gislaine Z. Réus.

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Réus, G.Z., Abitante, M.S., Manosso, L.M. et al. Environmental Enrichment Rescues Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Impairments Induced by Maternal Care Deprivation: Sex- and Developmental-Dependent Differences. Mol Neurobiol 60, 6757–6773 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02588-3

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