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Ultrasound-Assisted Lipid Extraction from Chlorella sp.: Taguchi Design and Life Cycle Assessment

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Abstract

The present study delved into the enhancement of essential oil (EO) extraction process from Chlorella sp. through the implementation of ultrasound-assisted extraction. The Taguchi method was instrumental in determining the ideal parameters for the extraction process, which encompassed ultrasonic amplitude, reaction duration, hexane/ethanol (HE/EtOH) ratio, and processing temperature. The empirical findings indicated that optimal EO yield was realized at an ultrasonic amplitude of 80%, a reaction timeframe of 15 min, a HE/EtOH proportion of 3:1, and a temperature setting of 40 °C. These optimal conditions were further substantiated through additional experimentation, resulting in an EO yield of 18.8 ± 0.2%. A fatty acid profile analysis disclosed that the extracted EO predominantly consisted of long-chain fatty acids (C14–C20), with Palmitic, Heptadecanoic, Oleic, and Linoleic acids featuring as the main components. Nevertheless, a high unsaturation rate of 37.9% in the EO could potentially render it vulnerable to oxidative deterioration during storage, consequently affecting the quality of the ensuing biodiesel. A life cycle assessment of the sonication technique utilized for biodiesel production from Chlorella sp. highlighted that lipid extraction was the principal contributor to global warming and ecotoxicity, as per the CML and TRACI methods. Hence, the ultrasound-assisted extraction of EO from Chlorella sp. appears to be a promising and ecologically viable substitute to conventional techniques employed for biodiesel production.

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Data Availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Code Availability

(software application or custom code): This study used a SimaPro Faculty license with code “FFL Saigon 03.”

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Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Biologial Sciences, Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Tam Minh Phan & Biet Van Huynh

  2. Research Institute for Biotechnology and Envirenment, Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Biet Van Huynh

  3. Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, 55183, Indonesia

    Susilo Nur Aji Cokro Darsono

  4. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Graduate University of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, 100000, Vietnam

    Thanh-Luu Pham

  5. Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Institute of Tropical Biology, 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Thanh-Luu Pham

  6. Faculty of Environment, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Ha Manh Bui

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  1. Tam Minh Phan
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Contributions

The investigation, software, writing—original draft, writing—review & editing: TMP; Investigation, software, writing—original draft: BVH; Data curation, conceptualization, methodology: HMB; Investigation, software, writing—original draft: SNACD and TLP; Funding acquisition, supervision, conceived, designed the methodology, writing—review & editing: HMB.

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Correspondence to Ha Manh Bui.

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Phan, T.M., Van Huynh, B., Darsono, S.N.A.C. et al. Ultrasound-Assisted Lipid Extraction from Chlorella sp.: Taguchi Design and Life Cycle Assessment. Mol Biotechnol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00836-6

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