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Advancement of Carotenogenesis of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis: Recent Insight and Way Forward

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Abstract

The demand for astaxanthin has been increasing for many health applications ranging from pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and aquaculture due to its bioactive properties. Haematococcus pluvialis is widely recognized as the microalgae species with the highest natural accumulation of astaxanthin, which has made it a valuable source for industrial production. Astaxanthin produced by other sources such as chemical synthesis or fermentation are often produced in the cis configuration, which has been shown to have lower bioactivity. Additionally, some sources of astaxanthin, such as shrimp, may denature or degrade when exposed to high temperatures, which can result in a loss of bioactivity. Producing natural astaxanthin through the cultivation of H. pluvialis is presently a demanding and time-consuming task, which incurs high expenses and restricts the cost-effective industrial production of this valuable substance. The production of astaxanthin occurs through two distinct pathways, namely the cytosolic mevalonate pathway and the chloroplast methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. The latest advancements in enhancing product quality and extracting techniques at a reasonable cost are emphasized in this review. The comparative of specific extraction processes of H. pluvialis biological astaxanthin production that may be applied to large-scale industries were assessed. The article covers a contemporary approach to optimizing microalgae culture for increased astaxanthin content, as well as obtaining preliminary data on the sustainability of astaxanthin production and astaxanthin marketing information.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would also like to acknowledge the support of the recent algae initiative in gathering peers of algae researchers by launching an Algal Biotechnology Consortium (ABC), which is a platform for algae researchers to share, communicate and outreach their algae research to create sustainable solutions and greener future. The authors would also like to thank the Editor and all the anonymous reviewers for providing their insightful comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this work. The figures were created with BioRender.com.

Funding

The authors would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to UM International Collaboration Grant (Project no: ST020-2022). This work was also supported by the SATU Joint Research Scheme Program 2022.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Biologi Sains, Fakulti Sains, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Busakorn Wilawan, Sook Sin Chan & Tau Chuan Ling

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand

    Busakorn Wilawan

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Pau Loke Show

  4. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China

    Pau Loke Show

  5. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Pau Loke Show

  6. School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia

    Eng-Poh Ng

  7. Fermentation Technology Laboratory (FerTechLab), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand

    Woranart Jonglertjunya

  8. Nanocomposite Engineering Laboratory (NanoCEN), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand

    Poomiwat Phadungbut

  9. Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Kuan Shiong Khoo

  10. Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India

    Kuan Shiong Khoo

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  1. Busakorn Wilawan
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Wilawan, B., Chan, S.S., Ling, T.C. et al. Advancement of Carotenogenesis of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis: Recent Insight and Way Forward. Mol Biotechnol 66, 402–423 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-023-00768-1

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