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Oncolytic viruses improve cancer immunotherapy by reprogramming solid tumor microenvironment

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Abstract

Immunotherapies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy have achieved successful results against several types of human tumors, particularly hematological malignancies. However, their clinical results for the treatment of solid tumors remain poor and unsatisfactory. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) plays an important role by interfering with intratumoral T-cell infiltration, promoting effector T-cell exhaustion, upregulating inhibitory molecules, inducing hypoxia, and so on. Oncolytic viruses are an encouraging biocarrier that could be used in both natural and genetically engineered platforms to induce oncolysis in a targeted manner. Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) contributes to the reprogramming of the TME, thus synergizing the functional effects of current ICIs and CAR T-cell therapy to overcome resistant barriers in solid tumors. Here, we summarize the TME-related inhibitory factors affecting the therapeutic outcomes of ICIs and CAR T cells and discuss the potential of OV-based approaches to alleviate these barriers and improve future therapies for advanced solid tumors.

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Abbreviations

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

CAR:

Chimeric antigen receptor

ICIs:

Immune checkpoint inhibitors

HSV-1:

Herpes simplex virus type 1

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor

OV:

Oncolytic virotherapy, OVs, oncolytic viruses

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

TAA:

Tumor-associated antigen

TAM:

Tumor-associated macrophage

TME:

Tumor microenvironment

T-VEC:

Talimogene laherparepvec

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Jiangsu, 222000, China

    Ling Zhang & Wenxue Xiang

  2. School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Seyed Abbas Pakmehr

  3. Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Reza Shahhosseini

  4. Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36832, USA

    Maryam Hariri

  5. Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Azadeh Fakhrioliaei

  6. Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Farid Karkon Shayan

  7. Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Sepideh Karkon Shayan

  8. Clinical Research Development Unit, Bohlool Hospital, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

    Sepideh Karkon Shayan

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  1. Ling Zhang
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Contributions

TZ: Conceptualization, investigation, and writing original draft. SAP, RShH. HM HAF, and FK Sh: Investigation, original/revised draft writing. SK Sh and WL: writing review & editing, visualization, supervision, and project management. All coauthors approved the final version of the manuscript.

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Zhang, L., Pakmehr, S.A., Shahhosseini, R. et al. Oncolytic viruses improve cancer immunotherapy by reprogramming solid tumor microenvironment. Med Oncol 41, 8 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-023-02233-0

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