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Molecular insight into renal cancer and latest therapeutic approaches to tackle it: an updated review

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Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal genitourinary cancers, with the highest mortality rate, and may remain undetected throughout its development. RCC can be sporadic or hereditary. Exploring the underlying genetic abnormalities in RCC will have important implications for understanding the origins of nonhereditary renal cancers. The treatment of RCC has evolved over centuries from the era of cytokines to targeted therapy to immunotherapy. A surgical cure is the primary treatment modality, especially for organ-confined diseases. Furthermore, the urologic oncology community focuses on nephron-sparing surgical approaches and ablative procedures when small renal masses are detected incidentally in conjunction with interventional radiologists. In addition to new combination therapies approved for RCC treatment, several trials have been conducted to investigate the potential benefits of certain drugs. This may lead to durable responses and more extended survival benefits for patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC). Several approved drugs have reduced the mortality rate of patients with RCC by targeting VEGF signaling and mTOR. This review better explains the signaling pathways involved in the RCC progression, oncometabolites, and essential biomarkers in RCC that can be used for its diagnosis. Further, it provides an overview of the characteristics of RCC carcinogenesis to assist in combating treatment resistance, as well as details about the current management and future therapeutic options. In the future, multimodal and integrated care will be available, with new treatment options emerging as we learn more about the disease.

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Data availability

The articles analyzed during the current study are available in the literature and listed in the references.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, for providing all the facilities to carry out this work.

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  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India

    Reshma Murali & Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan

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Conceptualization, RM, AVG; resources and data curation, RM, AVG; writing—original draft preparation, RM, AVG; writing—review and editing, RM, AVG; visualization, RM, AVG; supervision, RM, AVG; project administration, RM, AVG; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Murali, R., Gopalakrishnan, A.V. Molecular insight into renal cancer and latest therapeutic approaches to tackle it: an updated review. Med Oncol 40, 355 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-023-02225-0

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