Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Inflammatory response of lung macrophages and epithelial cells to tobacco smoke: a literature review of ex vivo investigations

  • Published:
Immunologic Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Chronic inflammation contributes to the initiation and progression of tumors and tobacco smoke-associated inflammation is associated with malignant and certain non-neoplastic lung diseases. Reported herein are the results of an interpretative synthesis review of the literature assessing the inflammatory response of lung macrophages (MΦ) and epithelial cells to tobacco smoke as measured ex vivo. Papers were retrieved using Boolean operations from PubMed and Scopus. Many writings reported the results of assays of human MΦ from fresh surgically excised human lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage, activated blood monocytes, long-term cell lines and MΦ from different laboratory animals. Some publications reported the findings of comparative studies of lung MΦ freshly isolated from the lungs of smokers and non-smokers. Other papers described the effect of tobacco smoke on lung epithelial cells. Most investigators quantified the response of the target cells to tobacco smoke by measuring the production of pro-inflammatory mediators; these included chemokines, cytokines, reactive oxygen species and enzymes. Investigators have reported conflicting observations of the response of human and animal MΦ and epithelial cells to tobacco smoke. The spectrum included papers describing robust production of various inflammatory mediators, significant reduction of a pro-inflammatory response to a known stimulant and overt cytotoxicity. This literature review documents that there exists no consensus, and no emerging trend line, of the reproducible effect(s) of cigarette smoke. This discrepancy reflects the absence of standardized protocols for collecting, processing and bioassaying the smoke, a highly complex aerosol, and identifies the need for establishing collaborative research schemes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nass SJ, Moses HL, editors. Cancer biomarkers—the promises and challenges of improving detection and treatment. Washington, DC:Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press;2007. 252 p.

  2. Engels EA. Inflammation in the development of lung cancer: epidemiological evidence. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008;8:605–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Tzortzaki EG, Manbiri I, Vlachaki E, Siafakas NM. Biomarkers in COPD. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14:1037–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Thacker EL. Lung inflammatory responses. Vet Res. 2006;37:469–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Nagata M. Inflammatory cells and oxygen radicals. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2005;4:503–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kulinsky VI. Biochemical aspects of inflammation. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2007;72:595–607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Laberge S, El Bassam S. Cytokines, structural cells of the lungs and airway inflammation. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004;5:S41–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Azad N, Rojanasakul Y, Yallyathan V. Inflammation and lung cancer: roles of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2008;11:1–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Schwartz AG, Prysak GM, Bock CH, Cote ML. The molecular epidemiology of lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2007;28:507–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Coussens LM, Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 2002;420:860–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Lawrence T. Inflammation and cancer: a failure of resolution. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2007;28:162–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Higashimoto Y, Iwata T, Okada M, Satoh H, Fukuda K, Tohda Y. Serum biomarkers as predictors of lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2009;103:1231–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Comandini A, Rogliani P, Nunziata A, Cazzola M, Curradi G, Saltini C. Biomarkers of lung damage associated with tobacco smoke in induced sputum. Respir Med. 2009;103:1592–613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Collins CD, Purohit S, Podolsky RH, et al. The application of genomic and proteomic technologies in predictive, preventive and personalized medicine. Vascul Pharmacol. 2006;45:258–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Bonassi S, Ugolini D, Kirsch-Volders M, Strömberg U, Vermeulen R, Tucker JD. Human population studies with cytogenetic biomarkers: review of the literature and future prospectives. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2005;45:258–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Maruvada P, Wang W, Wagner PD, Srivastava S. Biomarkers in molecular medicine: cancer detection and diagnosis. Biotechniques. 2005;38:S9–15.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Scaros O, Fisler R. Biomarker technology roundup: from discovery to clinical applications, a broad set of tools is required to translate from the lab to the clinic. Biotechniques. 2005;38:S30–2.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Enewold L, Mechanic LE, Bowman ED, et al. Serum concentrations of cytokines and lung cancer survival in African Americans and Caucasians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:215–22.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. van der Vaart H, Postma DS, Timens W, Ten Hacken NHT. Acute effects of cigarette smoke on inflammation and oxidative stress: a review. Thorax. 2004;59:713–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Yanbaeva DG, Dentener MA, Creutzberg EC, Wesseling G, Wouters EF. Systemic effects of smoking. Chest. 2007;131:1557–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. D’hulst AI, Vermaelen KY, Brusselle GG, Joos GF, Pauwels RA. Time course of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:204–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kulkarni GS, Nadkarni PP, Cerreta JM, Ma S, Cantor JO. Short-term cigarette smoke exposure potentiates endotoxin-induced pulmonary inflammation. Exp Lung Res. 2007;33:1–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Spori M. Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2:272–3.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Birrell MA, Wong S, Catley MC, Belvisi MG. Impact of tobacco-smoke on key signaling pathways in the innate immune response in lung macrophages. J Cell Physiol. 2008;214:27–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Doz E, Noulin N, Boichot E, et al. Cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary inflammation is TLR4/MyD88 and IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling dependent. J Immunol. 2008;180:1169–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hecht SS. Cigarette smoking: cancer risks, carcinogens, and mechanisms. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2006;391:603–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pauly JL, Allison EA, Hurley EL, Nwogu CE, Wallace PK, Paszkiewicz GM. Fluorescent human lung macrophages analyzed by spectral confocal laser scanning microscopy and multispectral cytometry. Microsc Res Tech. 2005;67:79–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Streck RJ, Jezewski HM, Rodriquez MI, Hurley EL, Rich GA, Pauly JL. A method for isolating human lung macrophages and observations of autofluorescent phagocytes from the lungs of habitual cigarette smokers. J Immunol Methods. 1994;174:67–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Thiberville L, Salaün M, Lachkar S, et al. Human in vivo fluorescence microimaging of the alveolar ducts and sacs during bronchoscopy. Eur Respir J. 2009;33:974–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Sandur SK, Pandey MK, Sethi G. Inflammation and cancer: how hot is the link? Biochem Pharmacol. 2006;72:1605–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Choi S, Myers JN. Molecular pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: implications for therapy. J Dent Res. 2008;87:14–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Napier SS, Speight PM. Natural history of potentially malignant oral lesions and conditions: an overview of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008;37:1–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tsantoulis PK, Kastrinakis NG, Tourvas AD, Laskaris G, Gorgoulis VG. Advances in the biology of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2007;43:523–34.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. van Oijen MG, Gilsing MM, Rijksen G, Hordijk GJ, Slootweg PJ. Increased number of proliferating cells in oral epithelium from smokers and ex-smokers. Oral Oncol. 1998;34:297–303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Taybos G. Oral changes associated with tobacco use. Am J Med Sci. 2003;326:179–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Oliver KG, Kettman JR, Fulton RJ. Multiplexed analysis of human cytokines by use of FlowMetrix system. Clin Chem. 1998;44:2057–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hatsukami DK, Joseph AM, Lesage M, et al. Developing the science base for reducing tobacco harm. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007; Suppl 4:S537–53.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Parascandola M, Augustson E, O’Connell ME, Marcus S. Consumer awareness and attitudes related to new potential reduced-exposure tobacco product brands. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11:886–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Church TR, Anderson KE, Caporaso NE, et al. A prospectively measured serum biomarker for a tobacco-specific carcinogen and lung cancer in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:260–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Gaschler GJ, Zavitz CCJ, Bauer CMT, et al. Cigarette smoke exposure attenuates cytokine production by mouse alveolar macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2008;38:216–26.

    Google Scholar 

  41. McMaster SK, Paul-Clark MJ, Walters M, Fleet M, et al. Cigarette smoke inhibits macrophage sensing of Gram-negative bacteria and lipopolysaccharide: relative roles of nicotine and oxidant stress. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;153:536–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Winkler AR, Nocka KH, Sulahian TH, Kobzik L, Williams CM. In vitro modeling of human alveolar macrophages smoke exposure: enhanced inflammation and impaired function. Exp Lung Res. 2008;34:599–629.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Facchinetti F, Amadei F, Geppetti P, et al. Alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes in cigarette smoke release inflammatory mediators from human macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007;37:617–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Kang MJ, Homer RJ, Gallo A, et al. IL-18 is induced and IL-18 receptor alpha plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema and inflammation. J Immunol. 2007;178:1948–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Lee KM, Renne RA, Harbo SJ, Clark ML, Johnson RE, Gideon KM. 3-Week inhalation exposure to cigarette smoke and/or lipopolysaccharide in AKR/J mice. Inhal Toxicol. 2007;19:23–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. van der Deen M, Timens W, Timmer-Bosscha H, et al. Reduced inflammatory response in cigarette smoke exposed Mrp1/Mdr1a/1b deficient mice. Respir Res. 2007;8:49–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Yang S, Wright J, Bauter M, Seweryniak K, Kode A, Rahman I. Sirtuin regulates cigarette smoke-induced proinflammatory mediator release via RelA/p65 NK-кB in macrophages in vitro and in rat lungs in vivo: implications for chronic inflammation and aging. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;292:L567–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Karimi K, Sarir H, Mortaz E, et al. Toll-like receptor-4 mediates cigarette smoke-induced cytokine production by human macrophages. Respir Res. 2006;7:66–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Demirjian L, Abboud RT, Li H, Duronio V. Acute effect of cigarette smoke on TNF-α release by macrophages mediated through the erk1/2 pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1762:592–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kubo S, Kobayashi M, Masunaga Y, et al. Cytokine and chemokine expression in cigarette smoke-induced lung injury in guinea pigs. Eur Respir J. 2005;26:993–1001.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Nordskog BK, Fields WR, Hellmann GM. Kinetic analysis of cytokine response to cigarette smoke condensate by human endothelial and monocytic cells. Toxicology. 2005;212:87–97.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Walters M, Paul-Clark M, McMaster S, Ito K, Adcock I, Mitchell J. Cigarette smoke activates human monocytes by an oxidant AP-1 signaling pathway: Implications for steroid resistance. Mol Pharmacol. 2005;68:1343–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Castro P, Legora-Machado A, Cardilo-Reis L, et al. Inhibition of interleukin-1β reduces mouse lung inflammation induced by exposure to cigarette smoke. Eur J Pharmacol. 2004;498:279–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Miller LM, Foster WM, Dambach DM, et al. A murine model of cigarette smoke-induce pulmonary inflammation using intranasally administered smoke-conditioned medium. Exp Lung Res. 2002;28:435–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Zhang X, Wang L, Zhang H, et al. The effects of cigarette smoke extract on the endothelial production of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 are mediated through macrophages, possible by inducing TNF-α release. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 2002;24:261–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kyi M, Miyazaki Y, Inoue T, Miyake S, Matsukawa A, Yoshizawa Y. Acute effects of smoke exposure on the cellular and cytokine profile in isolated perfused lungs. Respir Physiol. 2000;123:143–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Edwards K, Braun KM, Evans G, Sureka AO, Fan S. Mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke condensates suppress macrophage responsiveness to interferon γ. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1999;18:233–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hwang D, Chanmugam P, Boudreau M, Sohn KH, Stone K, Pryor WA. Activation and inactivation of cyclo-oxygenase in rat alveolar macrophages by aqueous cigarette tar extracts. Free Radic Biol Med. 1999;27:i673–82.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Braun KM, Cornish T, Valm A, Cundiff J, Pauly JL, Fan S. Immunotoxicology of cigarette smoke condensates: suppression of macrophage responsiveness to interferon γ. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998;149:136–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Dubar D, Gosset P, Aerts C, Voisin C, Wallaert B, Tonnel AB. In vitro effects of tobacco smoke on tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 production by alveolar macrophages. Exp Lung Res. 1993;19:345–59.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Pessina GP, Paulesu L, Corradeschi F, et al. Production of tumor necrosis factor α by rat alveolar macrophages collected after acute cigarette smoking. Arch Immunol Ther Exp. 1993;41:343–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Higashimoto Y, Shimada Y, Fukuchi Y, et al. Inhibition of mouse alveolar macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by acute in vivo and in vitro exposure to tobacco smoke. Respiration. 1992;59:77–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Tardif J, Borgeat M, Laviolette M. Inhibition of human alveolar macrophage production of leukotriene B4 by acute in vitro and in vivo exposure to tobacco smoke. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1990;2:155–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Green GM. Mechanism of tobacco smoke toxicity on pulmonary macrophage cells. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 1985;139:82–5.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Voisin C, Aerts C, Fournier E, Firlik M. Acute effects of tobacco smoke on alveolar macrophages cultured in gas phase. Eur J Respir Dis. 1985;66:76–81.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Shea JW, Huber GL, Holmes L, Homans A. The effect of experimental tobacco smoke inhalation on in vitro alveolar macrophage bactericidal function. J Lab Clin Med. 1978;92:270–82.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Guarneri JJ. Influence of acute exposure to cigarette smoke on the alveolar macrophage system. J Lab Clin Med. 1977;89:1215–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Kent L, Smyth L, Clayton C, Scott L, et al. Cigarette smoke extract induced cytokine and chemokine gene expression changes in COPD macrophages. Cytokine. 2008;42:205–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Chen H, Cowan MJ, Hasday JD, Vogel SN, Medvedev AE. Tobacco smoking inhibits expression of proinflammatory cytokines and activation of IL-1R-associated kinase, p38, and NF-кB in alveolar macrophages stimulated with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists. J Immunol. 2007;179:6097–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Koch A, Giembycz M, Stirling RG, et al. Effect of smoking on MAP kinase-induced modulation of IL-8 in human alveolar macrophages. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:805–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Grasseschi RM, Ramaswamy RB, Levine DJ, Klaassen CD, Wesselius LJ. Cadmium accumulation and detoxification by alveolar macrophages of cigarette smokers. Chest. 2003;124:1924–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Zeidel A, Beilin B, Yardeni I, Mayburd E, Smirnov G, Bessler H. Immune response in asymptomatic smokers. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002;46:959–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Kotani N, Kushikata T, Hashimoto H, Sessler DI, Muraoka M, Matsuki A. Recovery of intraoperative microbicidal and inflammatory functions of alveolar immune cells after a tobacco smoke-free period. Anesthesiology. 2001;94:999–1006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. de Boer WI, Sount JK, van Schadewijk A, Stolk J, van Kreiken JH, Hiemstra PS. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, interleukin 8, and chronic airways inflammation in COPD. J Pathol. 2000;190:619–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lim S, Roche N, Oliver BG, Mattos W, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Balance of matrix metalloprotease-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 from alveolar macrophages in cigarette smokers. Regulation by interleukin-10. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:1355–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Mikuniya T, Nagai S, Tsutsumi T, et al. Proinflammatory or regulatory cytokines released from BALF macrophages of healthy smokers. Respiration. 1999;66:419–26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Ohta T, Yamashita N, Maruyama M, Sugiyama E, Kobayashi M. Cigarette smoking decreases interleukin-8 secretion by human alveolar macrophages. Respir Med. 1998;92:922–7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Staal-van den Brekel AJ, Dentener MA, Drent M, ten Velde GP, Buurman WA, Wouters EF. The enhanced inflammatory response in non-small cell lung carcinoma is not reflected in the alveolar compartment. Respir Med. 1998;92:76–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dandrea T, Tu B, Blomberg A, et al. Differential inhibition of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured alveolar macrophages from smokers and non-smokers by NO2. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1997;16:577–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Wesselius LJ, Nelson ME, Bailey K, O’Brien-Ladner AR. Rapid lung cytokine accumulation and neutrophil recruitment after lipopolysaccharide inhalation by cigarette smokers and non-smokers. J Lab Clin Med. 1997;129:106–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kuschner WG, D’Alesssandro A, Wong H, Blanc PD. Dose-dependent cigarette smoking-related inflammatory responses in healthy adults. Eur Respir J. 1996;9:1989–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Byron KA, Varigos GA, Wootton AM. IL-4 production is increased in cigarette smokers. Clin Exp Immunol. 1994;95:333–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. McCrea KA, Ensor JE, Nall K, Bleecker ER, Hasday JD. Altered cytokine regulation in the lungs of cigarette smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:696–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Janson RW, King TE Jr, Hance KR, Arend WP. Enhanced production of IL-1 receptor antagonist by alveolar macrophages from patients with interstitial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:495–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Furuya K, Miyamoto H, Abe S, Kawakami Y. Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human alveolar macrophages is decreased in smokers. Chest. 1993;103:479–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Soliman DM, Twigg HL III. Cigarette smoking decreases bioactive interleukin-6 secretion by alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:L471–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Nagai S, Aung H, Takeuchi M, Kusume K, Izumi T. IL-1 and IL-1 inhibitory activity in the culture supernatants of alveolar macrophages from patients with interstitial lung diseases. Chest. 1991;99:674–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Brown GP, Iwamoto GK, Monick MM, Hunninghake GW. Cigarette smoking decreases interleukin 1 release by human alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:C260–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Renoux M, Lemarie E. Renoux G: Interleukin-1 secretion by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated alveolar macrophages. Respiration. 1989;55:158–68.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Yamaguchi E, Okazaki N, Itoh A, Abe S, Kawakami Y, Okuyama H. Interleukin 1 production by alveolar macrophages is decreased in smokers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;140:397–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Petersen BH, Steimel LF, Callaghan JT. Suppression of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in cigarette smoke. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1983;27:135–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Betsuyaku T, Hamamura I, Hata J, et al. Bronchiolar chemokine expression is different after single versus repeated cigarette smoke exposure. Respir Res. 2008;9:7–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Li W, Xu YJ, Shen HH. Effect of cigarette smoke extract on lipopolysaccharide-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway in cultured cells. Chin Med J (Engl). 2007;120:1075–81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Glader P, Möller S, Lilja J, Wieslander E, Löfdahl CG, von Wachenfeldt K. Cigarette smoke extract modulates respiratory defence mechanisms through effects on T-cells and airway epithelial cells. Respir Med. 2006;100:818–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Kode A, Yang SR, Rahman I. Differential effects of cigarette smoke on oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine release in primary human airway epithelial cells and in a variety of transformed alveolar epithelial cells. Respir Res. 2006;24:132–50.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Phillips J, Kluss B, Richter A, Massey ED. Exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to whole cigarette smoke: assessment of cellular responses. Altern Lab Anim. 2005;33:239–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Beisswenger C, Platz J, Siefart C, Vogelmeier C, Bals R. Exposure of differentiated airway epithelial cells to volatile smoke in vitro. Respiration. 2004;71:402–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Laan M, Bozinovski S, Anderson GP. Cigarette smoke inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced production of inflammatory cytokines by suppressing the activation of activator protein-1 in bronchial epithelial cells. J Immunol. 2004;173:4164–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Witherden IR, Vanden Bon EJ, Goldstraw P, Ratcliffe C, Pastorino U, Tetley TD. Primary human alveolar type II epithelial cell chemokine release: effects of cigarette smoke and neutrophil elastase. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2004;30:500–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hellermann GR, Nagy SB, Kong S, Lockey RF, Mohapatra SS. Mechanism of cigarette smoke condensate-induced acute inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Res. 2002;3:22–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Richter A, O’Donnell RA, Powell RM, et al. Autocrine ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor mediate interleukin-8 release from bronchial epithelial cells in response to cigarette smoke. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;27:85–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Rusznak C, Mills PR, Devalia JL, Sapsford RJ, Davies RJ, Lozewicz S. Effect of cigarette smoke on the permeability and IL-1ß and sICAM-1 release from cultured human bronchial epithelial cells of never-smokers, smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000;23:530–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Mio T, Romberger DJ, Thompson AB, Robbins RA, Heires A, Rennard SI. Cigarette smoke induces interleukin-8 release from human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155:1770–6.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the NCI Cancer Center Support Grant to the Roswell Park Cancer Institute [CA016056].

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, Buffalo Life Science Building, L5-306, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA

    Lauren A. Smith, Geraldine M. Paszkiewicz & John L. Pauly

  2. Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA

    Alan D. Hutson

Authors
  1. Lauren A. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Geraldine M. Paszkiewicz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alan D. Hutson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. John L. Pauly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to John L. Pauly.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smith, L.A., Paszkiewicz, G.M., Hutson, A.D. et al. Inflammatory response of lung macrophages and epithelial cells to tobacco smoke: a literature review of ex vivo investigations. Immunol Res 46, 94–126 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-009-8133-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-009-8133-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation