Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management

  • Review
  • Published:
Endocrine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Inappropriate secretion of TSH was first described in 1960 in a patient with evidence of hyperthyroidism and expanded sella on imaging. It was later found that a type of pituitary adenoma that secretes TSH (thyrotropinoma) was the underlying cause. The objective of the present review article is to summarize data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of thyrotropinomas. The prevalence of thyrotropinomas is lower than that of other pituitary adenomas. Early diagnosis is now possible thanks to the availability of magnetic resonance imaging and sensitive laboratory assays. As a corollary, many patients now present earlier in the course of their disease and have smaller tumors at the time of diagnosis. Treatment also has evolved over time. Transsphenoidal surgery is still considered definitive therapy. Meanwhile, radiation therapy, including radiosurgery, is effective in achieving tumor control in the majority of patients. In the past, radiation therapy was used as second line treatment in patients with residual or recurrent tumor after surgery. However, the availability of somatostatin analogs, which can lead to normalization of thyroid function as well as shrink these tumors, has led to an increase in the role of medical therapy in patients who are not in remission after pituitary surgery. In addition, dopamine agonists have shown some efficacy in the management of these tumors. Better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of thyrotropinomas may lead to rationally designed therapies for patients with thyrotropinomas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AIP:

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein

CRT:

Conventional radiation therapy

CT scan:

Computed tomography

DA:

Dopamine agonist

DR:

Dopamine receptor

GH:

Growth hormone

GRTH:

Generalized resistance to thyroid hormone

Gn:

Gonadotropin(s)

IR:

Immunoreactivity

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

NFA:

Non-functioning adenoma

PRL:

Prolactin

RS:

Radiosurgery

RTH:

Resistance to thyroid hormone

SHBG:

Sex-hormone binding globulin

SSTR:

Somatostatin receptor

SSA:

Somatostatin analog

TR:

Thyroid receptor

TRH:

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

Thyrotropinoma:

TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma

TFT:

Thyroid function test

References

  1. J.W. Jailer, D.A. Holub, Remission of Graves’ disease following radiotherapy of a pituitary neoplasm. Am. J. Med. 28, 497–500 (1960)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. C.R. Hamilton, L.C. Adams, F. Maloof, Hyperthyroidism due to thyrotropin-producing pituitary chromophobe adenoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 283(20), 1077–1080 (1970). doi:10.1056/NEJM197011122832003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. P.C. Davis, J.C. Hoffman, G.T. Tindall, I.F. Braun, CT-surgical correlation in pituitary adenomas: evaluation in 113 patients. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 6(5), 711–716 (1985)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. W. Kucharczyk, D.O. Davis, W.M. Kelly, G. Sze, D. Norman, T.H. Newton, Pituitary adenomas: high-resolution MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology 161(3), 761–765 (1986). doi:10.1148/radiology.161.3.3786729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. P. Beck-Peccoz, L. Persani, D. Mannavola, I. Campi, Pituitary tumours: TSH-secreting adenomas. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 23(5), 597–606 (2009). doi:10.1016/j.beem.2009.05.006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. L. Ónnestam, K. Berinder, P. Burman, P. Dahlqvist, B.E. Engström, J. Wahlberg, H.F. Nyström, National incidence and prevalence of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas in Sweden. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98(2), 626–635 (2013). doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Beck-Peccoz, F. Brucker-Davis, L. Persani, R.C. Smallridge, B.D. Weintraub, Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Endocr. Rev. 17(6), 610–638 (1996). doi:10.1210/edrv-17-6-610

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Raappana, J. Koivukangas, T. Ebeling, T. Pirilä, Incidence of pituitary adenomas in Northern Finland in 1992-2007. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95(9), 4268–4275 (2010). doi:10.1210/jc.2010-0537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. A.F. Daly, M. Rixhon, C. Adam, A. Dempegioti, M.A. Tichomirowa, A. Beckers, High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91(12), 4769–4775 (2006). doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1668

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. A. Fernandez, N. Karavitaki, J.A. Wass, Prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a community-based, cross-sectional study in Banbury (Oxfordshire, UK). Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 72(3), 377–382 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03667.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Beck-Peccoz, A. Lania, A. Beckers, K. Chatterjee, J.L. Wemeau, 2013 European thyroid association guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Eur. Thyroid J. 2(2), 76–82 (2013). doi:10.1159/000351007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. H.V. Socin, P. Chanson, B. Delemer, A. Tabarin, V. Rohmer, J. Mockel, A. Stevenaert, A. Beckers, The changing spectrum of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: diagnosis and management in 43 patients. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 148(4), 433–442 (2003)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Y. Nakayama, S. Jinguji, S. Kumakura, K. Nagasaki, M. Natsumeda, Y. Yoneoka, T. Saito, Y. Fujii, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)-secretion pituitary adenoma in an 8-year-old boy: case report. Pituitary 15(1), 110–115 (2012). doi:10.1007/s11102-010-0275-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Rabbiosi, E. Peroni, G.M. Tronconi, G. Chiumello, M. Losa, G. Weber, Asymptomatic thyrotropin-secreting pituitary macroadenoma in a 13-year-old girl: successful first-line treatment with somatostatin analogs. Thyroid 22(10), 1076–1079 (2012). doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. P. Beck-peccoz, L. Persani, Endocrinology, 5th edn., TSH-producing adenomas (W.B. Saunders, USA, 2010)

    Google Scholar 

  16. S. Yamada, N. Fukuhara, K. Horiguchi, M. Yamaguchi-Okada, H. Nishioka, A. Takeshita, Y. Takeuchi, J. Ito, N. Inoshita, Clinicopathological characteristics and therapeutic outcomes in thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: a single-center study of 90 cases. J. Neurosurg. 121(6), 1462–1473 (2014). doi:10.3171/2014.7.JNS1471

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. E. Malchiodi, E. Profka, E. Ferrante, E. Sala, E. Verrua, I. Campi, A.G. Lania, M. Arosio, M. Locatelli, P. Mortini, M. Losa, E. Motti, P. Beck-Peccoz, A. Spada, G. Mantovani, Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: outcome of pituitary surgery and irradiation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99(6), 2069–2076 (2014). doi:10.1210/jc.2013-4376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. T. Mindermann, C.B. Wilson, Age-related and gender-related occurrence of pituitary adenomas. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 41(3), 359–364 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. P. Beck-Peccoz, L. Persani, Variable biological activity of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 131(4), 331–340 (1994)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. F. Roelfsema, N.R. Biermasz, A.M. Pereira, Clinical factors involved in the recurrence of pituitary adenomas after surgical remission: a structured review and meta-analysis. Pituitary 15(1), 71–83 (2012). doi:10.1007/s11102-011-0347-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. K. Kovacs, E. Horvath, Tumours of the pituitary gland. Atlas of tumour pathology, vol. series 2, fascicle 21 (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  22. F. Roelfsema, A.M. Pereira, D.M. Keenan, J.D. Veldhuis, J.A. Romijn, Thyrotropin secretion by thyrotropinomas is characterized by increased pulse frequency, delayed diurnal rhythm, enhanced basal secretion, spikiness, and disorderliness. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93(10), 4052–4057 (2008). doi:10.1210/jc.2008-1145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. C. Girod, J. Trouillas, B. Claustrat, The human thyrotropic adenoma: pathologic diagnosis in five cases and critical review of the literature. Semin. Diagn. Pathol. 3(1), 58–68 (1986)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. J. Trouillas, C. Girod, B. Loras, B. Claustrat, G. Sassolas, G. Perrin, R. Buonaguidi, The TSH secretion in the human pituitary adenomas. Pathol. Res. Pract. 183(5), 596–600 (1988). doi:10.1016/S0344-0338(88)80019-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. A.J. Mixson, T.C. Friedman, D.A. Katz, I.M. Feuerstein, J.K. Taubenberger, J.M. Colandrea, J.L. Doppman, E.H. Oldfield, B.D. Weintraub, Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary carcinoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76(2), 529–533 (1993). doi:10.1210/jcem.76.2.8432799

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. R.L. Brown, T. Muzzafar, R. Wollman, R.E. Weiss, A pituitary carcinoma secreting TSH and prolactin: a non-secreting adenoma gone awry. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 154(5), 639–643 (2006). doi:10.1530/eje.1.02141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. J. Bertherat, T. Brue, A. Enjalbert, G. Gunz, R. Rasolonjanahary, A. Warnet, P. Jaquet, J. Epelbaum, Somatostatin receptors on thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: comparison with the inhibitory effects of octreotide upon in vivo and in vitro hormonal secretions. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75(2), 540–546 (1992). doi:10.1210/jcem.75.2.1353505

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Webster, J.R. Peters, R. John, J. Smith, V. Chan, R. Hall, M.F. Scanlon, Pituitary stone: two cases of densely calcified thyrotrophin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 40(1), 137–143 (1994)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. A.K. Banerjee, B.S. Sharma, V.K. Kak, Clinically and biochemically silent thyrotroph adenoma with oncocytic change. Neurol. India 48(4), 374–377 (2000)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. M. Sato, N. Kanai, H. Kanai, T. Sugase, M. Hanada, T. Hayakawa, Y. Saito, T. Oonishi, Y. Oda, J. Miyagawa, TSH-secreting fibrous pituitary adenoma showing calcification: a case report. No Shinkei Geka 23(3), 259–263 (1995)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. S. Ezzat, E. Horvath, K. Kovacs, H.S. Smyth, W. Singer, S.L. Asa, Basic fibroblast growth factor expression by two prolactin and thyrotropin-producing pituitary adenomas. Endocr. Pathol. 6(2), 125–134 (1995)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. A. Baird, P. Mormède, S.Y. Ying, W.B. Wehrenberg, N. Ueno, N. Ling, R. Guillemin, A nonmitogenic pituitary function of fibroblast growth factor: regulation of thyrotropin and prolactin secretion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82(16), 5545–5549 (1985)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. G.H. Larson, R.D. Koos, M.A. Sortino, P.M. Wise, Acute effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on secretion of prolactin as assessed by the reverse hemolytic plaque assay. Endocrinology 126(2), 927–932 (1990). doi:10.1210/endo-126-2-927

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. S.L. Atkin, A.M. Landolt, R.V. Jeffreys, M. Diver, J. Radcliffe, M.C. White, Basic fibroblastic growth factor stimulates prolactin secretion from human anterior pituitary adenomas without affecting adenoma cell proliferation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77(3), 831–837 (1993). doi:10.1210/jcem.77.3.8370706

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. S.L. Asa, L.A. Puy, A.M. Lew, V.C. Sundmark, H.P. Elsholtz, Cell type-specific expression of the pituitary transcription activator pit-1 in the human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77(5), 1275–1280 (1993). doi:10.1210/jcem.77.5.8077321

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. N. Sanno, A. Teramoto, R.Y. Osamura, Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Clinical and biological heterogeneity and current treatment. J. Neurooncol. 54(2), 179–186 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. S. Mantovani, P. Beck-Peccoz, K. Saccomanno, A. Spada, G. Faglia, F. Barbetti, TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas are monoclonal in origin. in Proceedings of the 77th annual meeting of the Endocrine Society, Washington DC 1995, p. 412

  38. V. Herman, J. Fagin, R. Gonsky, K. Kovacs, S. Melmed, Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71(6), 1427–1433 (1990). doi:10.1210/jcem-71-6-1427

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. J.M. Alexander, B.M. Biller, H. Bikkal, N.T. Zervas, A. Arnold, A. Klibanski, Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors are monoclonal in origin. J. Clin. Invest. 86(1), 336–340 (1990). doi:10.1172/JCI114705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. S. Ezzat, S.L. Asa, The molecular pathogenetic role of cell adhesion in endocrine neoplasia. J. Clin. Pathol. 58(11), 1121–1125 (2005). doi:10.1136/jcp.2004.024521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. T. Sumi, L. Stefaneanu, K. Kovacs, S. Asa, G. Rindi, Immunohistochemical study of p53 protein in human and animal pituitary tumors. Endocr. Pathol. 4, 95–99 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Q. Dong, F. Brucker-Davis, B.D. Weintraub, R.C. Smallridge, F.E. Carr, J. Battey, A.M. Spiegel, A. Shenker, Screening of candidate oncogenes in human thyrotroph tumors: absence of activating mutations of the G alpha q, G alpha 11, G alpha s, or thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor genes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81(3), 1134–1140 (1996). doi:10.1210/jcem.81.3.8772588

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. A.F. Daly, M.A. Tichomirowa, P. Petrossians, E. Heliövaara, M.L. Jaffrain-Rea, A. Barlier, L.A. Naves, T. Ebeling, A. Karhu, A. Raappana, L. Cazabat, E. De Menis, C.F. Montañana, G. Raverot, R.J. Weil, T. Sane, D. Maiter, S. Neggers, M. Yaneva, A. Tabarin, E. Verrua, E. Eloranta, A. Murat, O. Vierimaa, P.I. Salmela, P. Emy, R.A. Toledo, M.I. Sabaté, C. Villa, M. Popelier, R. Salvatori, J. Jennings, A.F. Longás, J.I. Labarta Aizpún, M. Georgitsi, R. Paschke, C. Ronchi, M. Valimaki, C. Saloranta, W. De Herder, R. Cozzi, M. Guitelman, F. Magri, M.S. Lagonigro, G. Halaby, V. Corman, M.T. Hagelstein, J.F. Vanbellinghen, G.B. Barra, A.P. Gimenez-Roqueplo, F.J. Cameron, F. Borson-Chazot, I. Holdaway, S.P. Toledo, G.K. Stalla, A. Spada, S. Zacharieva, J. Bertherat, T. Brue, V. Bours, P. Chanson, L.A. Aaltonen, A. Beckers, Clinical characteristics and therapeutic responses in patients with germ-line AIP mutations and pituitary adenomas: an international collaborative study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95(11), E373–E383 (2010). doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2556

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. A. Barlier, J.F. Vanbellinghen, A.F. Daly, M. Silvy, M.L. Jaffrain-Rea, J. Trouillas, G. Tamagno, L. Cazabat, V. Bours, T. Brue, A. Enjalbert, A. Beckers, Mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein gene are not highly prevalent among subjects with sporadic pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92(5), 1952–1955 (2007). doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. C. Asteria, M. Anagni, L. Persani, P. Beck-Peccoz, Loss of heterozygosity of the MEN1 gene in a large series of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 24(10), 796–801 (2001). doi:10.1007/BF03343929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. C.J. Wang, S.L. Howng, K.H. Lin, Expression of thyroid hormone receptors in human pituitary tumor cells. Cancer Lett. 91(1), 79–83 (1995)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. N.J. Gittoes, C.J. McCabe, J. Verhaeg, M.C. Sheppard, J.A. Franklyn, An abnormality of thyroid hormone receptor expression may explain abnormal thyrotropin production in thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Thyroid 8(1), 9–14 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. S. Ando, N. Sarlis, J. Krishnan, X. Feng, E. Oldfield, P. Yen, Somatic mutation or aberrent alternative-splicing of thyroid hormone receptor beta can cause a defect in negative-regulation of thyrotropin in thryotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. in Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Endocrine Society, Denver, CO, 2001, p. 98

  49. S. Ando, N.J. Sarlis, J. Krishnan, X. Feng, S. Refetoff, M.Q. Zhang, E.H. Oldfield, P.M. Yen, Aberrant alternative splicing of thyroid hormone receptor in a TSH-secreting pituitary tumor is a mechanism for hormone resistance. Mol. Endocrinol. 15(9), 1529–1538 (2001). doi:10.1210/mend.15.9.0687

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. T. Tagami, T. Usui, A. Shimatsu, M. Beniko, H. Yamamoto, K. Moriyama, M. Naruse, Aberrant expression of thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform may cause inappropriate secretion of TSH in a TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96(6), E948–E952 (2011). doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. F. Gatto, L.F. Grasso, E. Nazzari, T. Cuny, P. Anania, C. Di Somma, A. Colao, G. Zona, G. Weryha, R. Pivonello, D. Ferone, Clinical outcome and evidence of high rate post-surgical anterior hypopituitarism in a cohort of TSH-secreting adenoma patients: might somatostatin analogs have a role as first-line therapy? Pituitary (2014). doi:10.1007/s11102-014-0611-8

    Google Scholar 

  52. N.C. van Varsseveld, P.H. Bisschop, N.R. Biermasz, A.M. Pereira, E. Fliers, M.L. Drent, A long-term follow-up study of eighteen patients with thyrotrophin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 80(3), 395–402 (2014). doi:10.1111/cen.12290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. R. Ness-Abramof, A. Ishay, G. Harel, N. Sylvetzky, E. Baron, Y. Greenman, I. Shimon, TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: follow-up of 11 cases and review of the literature. Pituitary 10(3), 307–310 (2007). doi:10.1007/s11102-007-0020-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. M.J. Clarke, D. Erickson, M.R. Castro, J.L. Atkinson, Thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary adenomas. J. Neurosurg. 109(1), 17–22 (2008). doi:10.3171/JNS/2008/109/7/0017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. F. Brucker-Davis, E.H. Oldfield, M.C. Skarulis, J.L. Doppman, B.D. Weintraub, Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors: diagnostic criteria, thyroid hormone sensitivity, and treatment outcome in 25 patients followed at the National Institutes of Health. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84(2), 476–486 (1999). doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Losa, M. Giovanelli, L. Persani, P. Mortini, G. Faglia, P. Beck-Peccoz, Criteria of cure and follow-up of central hyperthyroidism due to thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81(8), 3084–3090 (1996). doi:10.1210/jcem.81.8.8768879

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. M.A. Kirkman, Z. Jaunmuktane, S. Brandner, A.A. Khan, M. Powell, S.E. Baldeweg, Active and silent thyroid-stimulating hormone-expressing pituitary adenomas: presenting symptoms, treatment, outcomes, and recurrence. World Neurosurg. 82(6), 1224–1231 (2014). doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2014.03.031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. E. Macchia, M. Gasperi, M. Lombardi, L. Morselli, A. Pinchera, G. Acerbi, G. Rossi, E. Martino, Clinical aspects and therapeutic outcome in thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: a single center experience. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 32(9), 773–779 (2009). doi:10.1007/BF03346535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. M.F. Langlois, J.B. Lamarche, D. Bellabarba, Long-standing goiter and hypothyroidism: an unusual presentation of a TSH-secreting adenoma. Thyroid 6(4), 329–335 (1996)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. J.M. Idiculla, G. Beckett, P.F. Statham, J.W. Ironside, S.L. Atkin, A.W. Patrick, Autoimmune hypothyroidism coexisting with a pituitary adenoma secreting thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin and alpha-subunit. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 38(Pt 5), 566–571 (2001)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. M. Losa, P. Mortini, R. Minelli, M. Giovanelli, Coexistence of TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma and autoimmune hypothyroidism. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 29(6), 555–559 (2006). doi:10.1007/BF03344147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. N. Gesundheit, P.A. Petrick, M. Nissim, P.A. Dahlberg, J.L. Doppman, C.H. Emerson, L.E. Braverman, E.H. Oldfield, B.D. Weintraub, Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: clinical and biochemical heterogeneity. Case reports and follow-up of nine patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 111(10), 827–835 (1989)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. R. Abs, A. Stevenaert, A. Beckers, Autonomously functioning thyroid nodules in a patient with a thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma: possible cause–effect relationship. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 131(4), 355–358 (1994)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. K. Kamoi, T. Mitsuma, H. Sato, M. Yokoyama, K. Washiyama, R. Tanaka, O. Arai, N. Takasu, T. Yamada, Hyperthyroidism caused by a pituitary thyrotrophin-secreting tumour with excessive secretion of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone and subsequently followed by Graves’ disease in a middle-aged woman. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh) 110(3), 373–382 (1985)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. I.A. Kourides, F. Pekonen, B.D. Weintraub, Absence of thyroid-binding immunoglobulins in patients with thyrotropin-mediated hyperthyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51(2), 272–274 (1980)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. J.G. Yovos, J.M. Falko, T.M. O’Dorisio, W.B. Malarkey, S. Cataland, C.C. Capen, Thyrotoxicosis and a thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumor causing unilateral exophthalmos. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53(2), 338–343 (1981). doi:10.1210/jcem-53-2-338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. M. Kamoun, M. d’Herbomez, C. Lemaire, A. Fayard, R. Desailloud, D. Huglo, J.L. Wemeau, Coexistence of thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma and graves’ hyperthyroidism. Eur. Thyroid J. 3(1), 60–64 (2014). doi:10.1159/000355386

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. P. Gasparoni, D. Rubello, L. Persani, P. Beck-Peccoz, Unusual association between a thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma and a papillary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 8(2), 181–183 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. U. Ünlütürk, C. Sriphrapradang, M.F. Erdoğan, R. Emral, S. Güldiken, S. Refetoff, S. Güllü, Management of differentiated thyroid cancer in the presence of resistance to thyroid hormone and TSH-secreting adenomas: a report of four cases and review of the literature. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 98(6), 2210–2217 (2013). doi:10.1210/jc.2012-4142

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. S. Ohta, S. Nishizawa, Y. Oki, H. Namba, Coexistence of thyrotropin-producing pituitary adenoma with papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid—a case report and surgical strategy. Pituitary 4(4), 271–274 (2001)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. F. Perticone, F. Pigliaru, S. Mariotti, L. Deiana, L. Furlani, P. Mortini, M. Losa, Is the incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer increased in patients with thyrotropin-secreting adenomas? Report of three cases from a large consecutive series. Thyroid 25(4), 417–424 (2015). doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. E. Fiore, P. Vitti, Serum TSH and risk of papillary thyroid cancer in nodular thyroid disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(4), 1134–1145 (2012). doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2735

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. D.S. McLeod, K.F. Watters, A.D. Carpenter, P.W. Ladenson, D.S. Cooper, E.L. Ding, Thyrotropin and thyroid cancer diagnosis: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97(8), 2682–2692 (2012). doi:10.1210/jc.2012-1083

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. M. Poggi, S. Monti, C. Pascucci, V. Toscano, A rare case of follicular thyroid carcinoma in a patient with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. Am. J. Med. Sci. 337(6), 462–465 (2009). doi:10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181949948

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. M. Kishida, F. Otsuka, H. Kataoka, K. Yokota, T. Oishi, T. Yamauchi, H. Doihara, T. Tamiya, Y. Mimura, T. Ogura, H. Makino, Hyperthyroidism in a patient with TSH-producing pituitary adenoma coexisting with thyroid papillary adenocarcinoma. Endocr. J. 47(6), 731–738 (2000)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. N.A. Tritos, S. Eppakayala, B. Swearingen, E.T. Hedley-Whyte, K.K. Miller, L.B. Nachtigall, S.K. Grinspoon, B.M. Biller, A. Klibanski, Pathologic and clinical features of pituitary adenomas showing TSH immunoreactivity. Pituitary 16(3), 287–293 (2013). doi:10.1007/s11102-012-0419-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. O. Koulouri, C. Moran, D. Halsall, K. Chatterjee, M. Gurnell, Pitfalls in the measurement and interpretation of thyroid function tests. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 27(6), 745–762 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. M. Gurnell, T. Visser, B. Paolo, V. Chatterjee, Endocrinology: Adults and Pediatrics, 7th edn., Resistance to thyroid hormone (Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2016)

    Google Scholar 

  79. S. Refetoff, R.E. Weiss, S.J. Usala, The syndromes of resistance to thyroid hormone. Endocr. Rev. 14(3), 348–399 (1993). doi:10.1210/edrv-14-3-348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. E. Macchia, M. Lombardi, V. Raffaelli, P. Piaggi, L. Macchia, I. Scattina, E. Martino, Clinical and genetic characteristics of a large monocentric series of patients affected by thyroid hormone (Th) resistance and suggestions for differential diagnosis in patients without mutation of Th receptor β. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 81(6), 921–928 (2014). doi:10.1111/cen.12556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. C. Moran, M. Agostini, W.E. Visser, E. Schoenmakers, N. Schoenmakers, A.C. Offiah, K. Poole, O. Rajanayagam, G. Lyons, D. Halsall, M. Gurnell, D. Chrysis, A. Efthymiadou, C. Buchanan, S. Aylwin, K.K. Chatterjee, Resistance to thyroid hormone caused by a mutation in thyroid hormone receptor (TR)α1 and TRα2: clinical, biochemical, and genetic analyses of three related patients. Lancet Diabet. Endocrinol. 2(8), 619–626 (2014). doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70111-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. A. Beckers, R. Abs, C. Mahler, J.L. Vandalem, G. Pirens, G. Hennen, A. Stevenaert, Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: report of seven cases. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72(2), 477–483 (1991). doi:10.1210/jcem-72-2-477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. N. Sanno, A. Teramoto, R.Y. Osamura, Long-term surgical outcome in 16 patients with thyrotropin pituitary adenoma. J. Neurosurg. 93(2), 194–200 (2000). doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.2.0194

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. P. Beck-Peccoz, L. Persani, G. Faglia, Glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit in pituitary adenomas. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 3(2), 41–45 (1992)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. P. Beck-Peccoz, R. Roncoroni, S. Mariotti, G. Medri, C. Marcocci, G. Brabant, F. Forloni, A. Pinchera, G. Faglia, Sex hormone-binding globulin measurement in patients with inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin (IST): evidence against selective pituitary thyroid hormone resistance in nonneoplastic IST. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71(1), 19–25 (1990). doi:10.1210/jcem-71-1-19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. L. Persani, D. Preziati, C.H. Matthews, A. Sartorio, V.K. Chatterjee, P. Beck-Peccoz, Serum levels of carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) in the differential diagnosis of the syndromes of inappropriate secretion of TSH. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 47(2), 207–214 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. D.H. Sarne, S. Refetoff, R.L. Rosenfield, J.P. Farriaux, Sex hormone-binding globulin in the diagnosis of peripheral tissue resistance to thyroid hormone: the value of changes after short term triiodothyronine administration. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 66(4), 740–746 (1988). doi:10.1210/jcem-66-4-740

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. S.Y. Wu, P.M. Sadow, S. Refetoff, R.E. Weiss, Tissue responses to thyroid hormone in a kindred with resistance to thyroid hormone harboring a commonly occurring mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene (P453T). J. Lab. Clin. Med. 146(2), 85–94 (2005). doi:10.1016/j.lab.2005.04.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. D. Mannavola, L. Persani, G. Vannucchi, M. Zanardelli, L. Fugazzola, U. Verga, M. Facchetti, P. Beck-Peccoz, Different responses to chronic somatostatin analogues in patients with central hyperthyroidism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 62(2), 176–181 (2005). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02192.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. N. Kuzuya, K. Inoue, M. Ishibashi, Y. Murayama, Y. Koide, K. Ito, T. Yamaji, K. Yamashita, Endocrine and immunohistochemical studies on thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas: responses of TSH, alpha-subunit, and growth hormone to hypothalamic releasing hormones and their distribution in adenoma cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71(5), 1103–1111 (1990). doi:10.1210/jcem-71-5-1103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. M. Terzolo, F. Orlandi, M. Bassetti, G. Medri, D. Paccotti, D. Cortelazzi, A. Angeli, P. Beck-Peccoz, Hyperthyroidism due to a pituitary adenoma composed of two different cell types, one secreting alpha-subunit alone and another cosecreting alpha-subunit and thyrotropin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 72(2), 415–421 (1991). doi:10.1210/jcem-72-2-415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. J.D. Safer, S.D. Colan, L.M. Fraser, F.E. Wondisford, A pituitary tumor in a patient with thyroid hormone resistance: a diagnostic dilemma. Thyroid 11(3), 281–291 (2001). doi:10.1089/105072501750159750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. M. Gurnell, O. Rajanayagam, I. Barbar, M.K. Jones, V.K. Chatterjee, Reversible pituitary enlargement in the syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone. Thyroid 8(8), 679–682 (1998)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. K. Watanabe, T. Kameya, A. Yamauchi, N. Yamamoto, A. Kuwayama, I. Takei, H. Maruyama, T. Saruta, Thyrotropin-producing microadenoma associated with pituitary resistance to thyroid hormone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 76(4), 1025–1030 (1993). doi:10.1210/jcem.76.4.8473377

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. X. Teng, T. Jin, G.A. Brent, A. Wu, W. Teng, Z. Shan, A patient with a thyrotropin-secreting microadenoma and resistance to thyroid hormone (P453T). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100(7), 2511–2514 (2015). doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. M. Losa, P. Magnani, P. Mortini, L. Persani, S. Acerno, E. Giugni, C. Songini, F. Fazio, P. Beck-Peccoz, M. Giovanelli, Indium-111 pentetreotide single-photon emission tomography in patients with TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: correlation with the effect of a single administration of octreotide on serum TSH levels. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 24(7), 728–731 (1997)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. P. Beck-Peccoz, L. Persani, Medical management of thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. Pituitary 5(2), 83–88 (2002)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. R. Hall, G.M. Besser, A.V. Schally, D.H. Coy, D. Evered, D.J. Goldie, A.J. Kastin, A.S. McNeilly, C.H. Mortimer, C. Phenekos, W.M. Tunbridge, D. Weightman, Action of growth-hormone-release inhibitory hormone in healthy men and in acromegaly. Lancet 2(7829), 581–584 (1973)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. T.M. Siler, S.C. Yen, W. Vale, R. Guillemin, Inhibition by somatostatin on the release of TSH induced in man by thyrotropin-releasing factor. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 38(5), 742–745 (1974). doi:10.1210/jcem-38-5-742

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. A. Arimura, A.V. Schally, Increase in basal and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) by passive immunization with antiserum to somatostatin in rats. Endocrinology 98(4), 1069–1072 (1976). doi:10.1210/endo-98-4-1069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. W.H. Florsheim, X. Kozbur, Physiological modulation of thyrotropin secretion by somatostatin and thyroliberin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72(2), 603–609 (1976)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. L. Ferland, F. Labrie, M. Jobin, A. Arimura, A.V. Schally, Physiological role of somatostatin in the control of growth hormone and thyrotropin secretion. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68(1), 149–156 (1976)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. J. Weeke, A.P. Hansen, K. Lundaek, Inhibition by somatostatin of basal levels of serum thyrotropin (TSH) in normal men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41(1), 168–171 (1975). doi:10.1210/jcem-41-1-168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. R.J. Comi, N. Gesundheit, L. Murray, P. Gorden, B.D. Weintraub, Response of thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas to a long-acting somatostatin analogue. N. Engl. J. Med. 317(1), 12–17 (1987). doi:10.1056/NEJM198707023170103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. P. Beck-Peccoz, S. Mariotti, P.J. Guillausseau, G. Medri, G. Piscitelli, A. Bertoli, A. Barbarino, M. Rondena, P. Chanson, A. Pinchera, Treatment of hyperthyroidism due to inappropriate secretion of thyrotropin with the somatostatin analog SMS 201-995. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 68(1), 208–214 (1989). doi:10.1210/jcem-68-1-208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. S.M. Orme, J.T. Lamb, M. Nelson, P.E. Belchetz, Shrinkage of thyrotrophin secreting pituitary adenoma treated with octreotide. Postgrad. Med. J. 67(787), 466–468 (1991)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  107. F. Gatto, F. Barbieri, L. Castelletti, M. Arvigo, A. Pattarozzi, F. Annunziata, A. Saveanu, F. Minuto, L. Castellan, G. Zona, T. Florio, D. Ferone, In vivo and in vitro response to octreotide LAR in a TSH-secreting adenoma: characterization of somatostatin receptor expression and role of subtype 5. Pituitary 14(2), 141–147 (2011). doi:10.1007/s11102-010-0271-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. K. Horiguchi, M. Yamada, R. Umezawa, T. Satoh, K. Hashimoto, M. Tosaka, S. Yamada, M. Mori, Somatostatin receptor subtypes mRNA in TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: a case showing a dramatic reduction in tumor size during short octreotide treatment. Endocr. J. 54(3), 371–378 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. P. Chanson, B.D. Weintraub, A.G. Harris, Octreotide therapy for thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas. A follow-up of 52 patients. Ann. Intern. Med. 119(3), 236–240 (1993)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. A. Levy, D.J. Eckland, A.M. Gurney, J.C. Reubi, R. Doshi, S.L. Lightman, Somatostatin and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone response and receptor status of a thyrotrophin-secreting pituitary adenoma: clinical and in vitro studies. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1(5), 321–326 (1989). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00123.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. M. Polak, J. Bertherat, J.Y. Li, M. Kujas, M. Le Dafniet, H. Weizani, R. Van Effenterre, J. Epelbaum, G. Turpin, A human TSH-secreting adenoma: endocrine, biochemical and morphological studies. Evidence of somatostatin receptors by using quantitative autoradiography. Clinical and biological improvement by SMS 201-995 treatment. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh) 124(4), 479–486 (1991)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. D. Ferone, F. Gatto, M. Arvigo, E. Resmini, M. Boschetti, C. Teti, D. Esposito, F. Minuto, The clinical-molecular interface of somatostatin, dopamine and their receptors in pituitary pathophysiology. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 42(5), 361–370 (2009). doi:10.1677/JME-08-0162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. P. Caron, S. Arlot, C. Bauters, P. Chanson, J.M. Kuhn, M. Pugeat, R. Marechaud, C. Teutsch, E. Vidal, P. Sassano, Efficacy of the long-acting octreotide formulation (octreotide-LAR) in patients with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86(6), 2849–2853 (2001). doi:10.1210/jcem.86.6.7593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. A. Yoshihara, O. Isozaki, N. Hizuka, Y. Nozoe, C. Harada, M. Ono, T. Kawamata, O. Kubo, T. Hori, K. Takano, Expression of type 5 somatostatin receptor in TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: a possible marker for predicting long-term response to octreotide therapy. Endocr. J. 54(1), 133–138 (2007)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. N. Sharif, L. Gendron, J. Wowchuk, P. Sarret, J. Mazella, A. Beaudet, T. Stroh, Coexpression of somatostatin receptor subtype 5 affects internalization and trafficking of somatostatin receptor subtype 2. Endocrinology 148(5), 2095–2105 (2007). doi:10.1210/en.2006-1266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. J.M. Kuhn, S. Arlot, H. Lefebvre, P. Caron, C. Cortet-Rudelli, F. Archambaud, P. Chanson, A. Tabarin, M.I. Goth, J. Blumberg, F. Catus, S. Ispas, P. Beck-Peccoz, Evaluation of the treatment of thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas with a slow release formulation of the somatostatin analog lanreotide. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85(4), 1487–1491 (2000). doi:10.1210/jcem.85.4.6548

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. E. Fliers, W.R. van Furth, P.H. Bisschop, Cure of a thyrotrophin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma by medical therapy. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 77(5), 788–790 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04405.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. G.S. Besses, G.N. Burrow, S.W. Spaulding, R.K. Donabedian, Dopamine infusion acutely inhibits the TSH and prolactin response to TRH. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41(5), 985–988 (1975). doi:10.1210/jcem-41-5-985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. M.F. Scanlon, D.R. Weightman, D.J. Shale, B. Mora, M. Heath, M.H. Snow, M. Lewis, R. Hall, Dopamine is a physiological regulator of thyrotrophin (TSH) secretion in normal man. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 10(1), 7–15 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. G.N. Burrow, P.B. May, S.W. Spaulding, R.K. Donabedian, TRH and dopamine interactions affecting pituitary hormones secretion. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45(1), 65–72 (1977). doi:10.1210/jcem-45-1-65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. P. Chanson, J. Orgiazzi, P.J. Derome, D. Bression, C.P. Jedynak, J. Trouillas, P. Legentil, J. Racadot, F. Peillon, Paradoxical response of thyrotropin to L-dopa and presence of dopaminergic receptors in a thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 59(3), 542–546 (1984). doi:10.1210/jcem-59-3-542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. A. Spada, M. Bassetti, E. Martino, G. Giannattasio, P. Beck-Peccoz, A. Sartorio, L. Vallar, L. Baschieri, A. Pinchera, G. Faglia, In vitro studies on TSH secretion and adenylate cyclase activity in a human TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Effects of somatostatin and dopamine. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 8(3), 193–198 (1985). doi:10.1007/BF03348476

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. D.F. Wood, J.M. Johnston, D.G. Johnston, Dopamine, the dopamine D2 receptor and pituitary tumours. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 35(6), 455–466 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. J.S. Bevan, C.W. Burke, M.M. Esiri, C.B. Adams, M. Ballabio, M. Nissim, G. Faglia, Studies of two thyrotrophin-secreting pituitary adenomas: evidence for dopamine receptor deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 31(1), 59–70 (1989)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. T. Kienitz, M. Quinkler, C.J. Strasburger, M. Ventz, Long-term management in five cases of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: a single center study and review of the literature. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 157(1), 39–46 (2007). doi:10.1530/EJE-07-0098

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. S. Zuniga, V. Mendoza, I.F. Espinoza, A. Zarate, M. Mason, M. Mercado, A plurihormonal TSH-secreting pituitary microadenoma: report of a case with an atypical clinical presentation and transient response to bromocriptine therapy. Endocr. Pathol. 8(1), 81–86 (1997)

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. J.R. Mulinda, S. Hasinski, L.I. Rose, Successful therapy for a mixed thyrotropin-and prolactin-secreting pituitary macroadenoma with cabergoline. Endocr. Pract. 5(2), 76–79 (1999). doi:10.4158/EP.5.2.76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. M.C. Zatelli, D. Piccin, F. Tagliati, A. Bottoni, M.R. Ambrosio, A. Margutti, M. Scanarini, M. Bondanelli, M.D. Culler, E.C. degli Uberti, Dopamine receptor subtype 2 and somatostatin receptor subtype 5 expression influences somatostatin analogs effects on human somatotroph pituitary adenomas in vitro. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 35(2), 333–341 (2005). doi:10.1677/jme.1.01876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. P. Beck-Peccoz, L. Persani, A. Lania, Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas (2015), http://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/thyrotropin-secreting-pituitary-adenomas/ Accessed 2015

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Zero Emerson Place # 112, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    Fatemeh G. Amlashi & Nicholas A. Tritos

  2. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Fatemeh G. Amlashi & Nicholas A. Tritos

Authors
  1. Fatemeh G. Amlashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nicholas A. Tritos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nicholas A. Tritos.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no pertinent conflicts of interest to disclose.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Amlashi, F.G., Tritos, N.A. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Endocrine 52, 427–440 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-0863-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-0863-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation