Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sjögren’s Syndrome and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Two Sides of the Same Coin

  • Published:
Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The coexistence of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) and autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) has been documented. However, there is no consensus whether this coexistence should be considered as the same nosological condition or as polyautoimmunity. Thus, in this monocentric retrospective study, patients with SS alone (i.e., primary) were compared with patients with SS and AITD. In addition, a discussion of previous studies including those about genetic and environmental factors influencing the development of both conditions is presented. In our series, all patients with AITD had Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). No significant differences in age, gender, age of disease onset, and disease duration were found between the two groups. Lymphadenopathy and urticaria were more frequently registered in patients with SS-HT than in patients with SS alone (p < 0.05). Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies were more frequent in the primary SS group (p = 0.01). SS-HT patients were more likely to report a positive history of smoking (p = 0.03). The clinical expression of SS varies slightly when HT coexists. Although both entities share common physiopathological mechanisms as part of the autoimmune tautology, they are nosologically different and their coexistence should be interpreted as polyautoimmunity. Further studies based on polyautoimmunity would allow establishing a new taxonomy of autoimmune diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AD:

Autoimmune disease

AIH:

Autoimmune hepatitis

AITD:

Autoimmune thyroid disease

Anti-Tg:

Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies

Anti-TPO:

Anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies

APC:

Antigen-presenting cell

EBV:

Epstein-Barr virus

GD:

Graves’ disease

GEC:

Glandular epithelial cells

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HSV:

Herpes simplex virus

HT:

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

HTLV-1:

Human T cell lymphotropic virus 1

IQR:

Interquartile range

MALT:

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

MSG:

Minor salivary gland

OR:

Odds ratio

RF:

Rheumatoid factor

SES:

Socioeconomic status

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SS:

Sjögren’s syndrome

SSc:

Systemic sclerosis

Tg:

Thyroglobulin

TPO:

Thyroperoxidase

TSHR:

Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor

VD:

Vitamin D

References

  1. Anaya JM, Talal N (1999) Sjögren’s syndrome comes of age. Semin Arthritis Rheum 28:355–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Moutsopoulos HM (1994) Sjögren’s syndrome: autoimmune epithelitis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 72:162–165

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mariette X, Criswell LA (2018) Primary Sjögren’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 378:931–939. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1702514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Anaya J-M, Rojas-Villarraga A, Mantilla RD, Arcos-Burgos M, Sarmiento-Monroy JC (2016) Polyautoimmunity in Sjögren syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 42:457–472. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RDC.2016.03.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Jara LJ, Navarro C, Brito-Zerón M del P, et al (2007) Thyroid disease in Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 26:1601–6 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-007-0638-6

  6. Dittfeld A, Gwizdek K, Michalski M, Wojnicz R (2016) A possible link between the Epstein-Barr virus infection and autoimmune thyroid disorders 41:297–301 . doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/ceji.2016.63130

  7. Bliddal S, Nielsen CH, Feldt-Rasmussen U (2017) Recent advances in understanding autoimmune thyroid disease: the tallest tree in the forest of polyautoimmunity. F1000Research 6:1776. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11535.1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Ajjan R, Weetman A (2015) The pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: further developments in our understanding. Horm Metab Res 47:702–710. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1548832

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Anaya J-M, Shoenfeld Y, Rojas-Villarraga A, et al (2013) Autoimmunity: from bench to bedside. El Rosario University Press, Bogota (Colombia). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29087650

  10. Amador-Patarroyo MJ, Arbelaez JG, Mantilla RD, Rodriguez-Rodriguez A, Cárdenas-Roldán J, Pineda-Tamayo R, Guarin MR, Kleine LL, Rojas-Villarraga A, Anaya JM (2012) Sjögren’s syndrome at the crossroad of polyautoimmunity. J Autoimmun 39:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAUT.2012.05.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Anaya J-M (2017) The autoimmune tautology. A summary of evidence. Jt Bone Spine 84:251–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2016.11.012

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Anaya J-M (2010) The autoimmune tautology. Arthritis Res Ther 12:147. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3175

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Rojas-Villarraga A, Amaya-Amaya J, Rodriguez-Rodriguez A, Mantilla RD, Anaya JM (2012) Introducing polyautoimmunity: secondary autoimmune diseases no longer exist. Autoimmune Dis 2012:254319 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/254319, 1, 9

  14. Baldini C, Ferro F, Mosca M, Fallahi P, Antonelli A (2018) The Association of Sjögren syndrome and autoimmune thyroid disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 9:121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC, Seror R, Criswell LA, Labetoulle M, Lietman TM, Rasmussen A, Scofield H, Vitali C, Bowman SJ, Mariette X, the International Sjögren's Syndrome Criteria Working Group (2016) 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sjogren’s syndrome: a consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts. ARTHRITIS Rheumatol Mon 00:0–0 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.39859, 35, 45

  16. Franco JS, Amaya-Amaya J, Molano-González N, Caro-Moreno J, Rodríguez-Jiménez M, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Mantilla RD, Rojas-Villarraga A, Anaya JM (2015) Autoimmune thyroid disease in Colombian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Endocrinol 83:943–950. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Franco J-S, Molano-González N, Rodríguez-Jiménez M, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Mantilla RD, Amaya-Amaya J, Rojas-Villarraga A, Anaya JM (2014) The coexistence of antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus in Colombians. PLoS One 9:e110242. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Rojas-Villaraga A, Castellanos-de la Hoz J, Perez-Fernandez O, et al (2013) Autoimmune ecology. In: Anaya J-M, Shoenfeld Y, Rojas-Villarraga A, et al (eds) Autoimmunity: from bench to bedside. El Rosario University Press, Bogota, pp 321–42

  19. Anaya J-M, Ramirez-Santana C, Alzate MA, Molano-Gonzalez N, Rojas-Villarraga A (2016) The autoimmune ecology. Front Immunol 7:139. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Pineda-Tamayo R, Arcila G, Restrepo P, Anaya JM (2004) Impact of cardiovascular illness on hospitalization costs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Biomedica 24:366–374

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Costa S, Quintin-Roue I, Lesourd A, Jousse-Joulin S, Berthelot JM, Hachulla E, Hatron PY, Goeb V, Vittecoq O, Pers JO, Marcorelles P, Nowak E, Saraux A, Devauchelle-Pensec V (2015) Reliability of histopathological salivary gland biopsy assessment in Sjogren’s syndrome: a multicentre cohort study. Rheumatology 54:1056–1064. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keu453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Daniels TE, Cox D, Shiboski CH, Schiødt M, Wu A, Lanfranchi H, Umehara H, Zhao Y, Challacombe S, Lam MY, de Souza Y, Schiødt J, Holm H, Bisio PAM, Gandolfo MS, Sawaki T, Li M, Zhang W, Varghese-Jacob B, Ibsen P, Keszler A, Kurose N, Nojima T, Odell E, Criswell LA, Jordan R, Greenspan JS, Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance Research Groups (2011) Associations between salivary gland histopathologic diagnoses and phenotypic features of Sjögren’s syndrome among 1,726 registry participants. Arthritis Rheum 63:2021–2030. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30381

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Beckman K, Luchs J, Milner M (2015) Making the diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome in patients with dry eye. Clin Ophthalmol 10(43). https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S80043

  24. Anaya J-M, Castiblanco J, Rojas-Villarraga A, Pineda-Tamayo R, Levy RA, Gómez-Puerta J, Dias C, Mantilla RD, Gallo JE, Cervera R, Shoenfeld Y, Arcos-Burgos M (2012) The multiple autoimmune syndromes. A clue for the autoimmune tautology. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 43:256–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-012-8317-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Karsh J, Pavlidis N, Weintraub BD, Moutsopoulos HM (1980) Thyroid disease in Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 23:1326–1329. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780231118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Zeher M, Horvath IF, Szanto A, Szodoray P (2009) Autoimmune thyroid diseases in a large group of Hungarian patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Thyroid 19:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2007.0398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Mavragani CP, Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulos HM (2009) Increased prevalence of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase in dry eyes and mouth syndrome or sicca asthenia polyalgia syndrome. J Rheumatol 36:1626–1630. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.081326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lu M-C, Yin W-Y, Tsai T-Y, Koo M, Lai NS (2013) Increased risk of primary Sjögren’s syndrome in female patients with thyroid disorders: a longitudinal population-based study in Taiwan. PLoS One 8:e77210. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Abrol E, González-Pulido C, Praena-Fernández JM, Isenberg DA (2014) A retrospective study of long-term outcomes in 152 patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome: 25-year experience. Clin Med 14:157–164. https://doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.14-2-157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Davidson B, Kelly CA, Griffiths ID (1999) Primary Sjogren’s syndrome in the north east of England: a long-term follow-up study. Rheumatology 38:245–253. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/38.3.245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lazarus MN, Isenberg DA (2005) Development of additional autoimmune diseases in a population of patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 64:1062–1064. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.029066

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Punzi L, Ostuni PA, Betterle C, de Sandre P, Botsios C, Gambari PF (1996) Thyroid gland disorders in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 63:809–814

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bouanani M, Bataille R, Piechaczyk M, Salhi SL, Pau B, Bastide M (1991) Autoimmunity to human thyroglobulin: respective epitopic specificity patterns of anti-human thyroglobulin autoantibodies in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome and patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Arthritis Rheum 34:1585–1593. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780341218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Caramaschi P, Biasi D, Caimmi C, Scambi C, Pieropan S, Barausse G, Adami S (2013) The co-occurrence of Hashimoto thyroiditis in primary Sjogren’s syndrome defines a subset of patients with milder clinical phenotype. Rheumatol Int 33:1271–1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-012-2570-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Malladi A, Sack K, Shiboski S, Shiboski C (2012) Primary Sjögren’s syndrome as a systemic disease: a study of participants enrolled in an international Sjögren’s syndrome registry. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 64:911–918. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.21610.Primary

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kelly CA, Foster H, Pal B et al (1991) Primary Sjögren’s syndrome in North East England - a longitudinal study. Rheumatology 30:437–442. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/30.6.437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lockshin MD, Levine AB, Erkan D (2015) Patients with overlap autoimmune disease differ from those with “pure” disease. Lupus Sci Med 2:e000084. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2015-000084

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Hansen BU, Ericsson UB, Henricsson V, Larsson A, Manthorpe R, Warfvinge G (1991) Autoimmune thyroiditis and primary Sjögren’s syndrome: clinical and laboratory evidence of the coexistence of the two diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol 9:137–141

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Foster H, Fay A, Kelly C et al (1993) Thyroid disease and other autoimmune phenomena in a family study of primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 32:36–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Pérez B, Kraus A, López G et al (1995) Autoimmune thyroid disease in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Am J Med 99:480–484

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ramos-Casals M, García-Carrasco M, Cervera R, Gaya J, Halperin I, Ubieto I, Aymamí A, Morlà RM, Font J, Ingelmo M (2000) Thyroid disease in primary Sjögren syndrome. Study in a series of 160 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 79:103–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. D’Arbonneau F, Ansart S, Le Berre R et al (2003) Thyroid dysfunction in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. Arthritis Rheum 49:804–809. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.11460

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Tunc R, Gonen MS, Acbay O, Hamuryudan V, Yazici H (2004) Autoimmune thyroiditis and anti-thyroid antibodies in primary Sjogren’s syndrome: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis 63:575–577. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2003.010058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Biró E, Szekanecz Z, Czirják L et al (2006) Association of systemic and thyroid autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol 25:240–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-005-1165-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Amador-Patarroyo MJ, Rodriguez-Rodriguez A, Montoya-Ortiz G (2012) How does age at onset influence the outcome of autoimmune diseases? Autoimmune Dis 2012:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/251730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Som PM, Miletich I (2015) The embryology of the salivary glands: an update. Neurographics 5:167–177. https://doi.org/10.3174/ng.4150122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Nilsson M, Fagman H (2017) Development of the thyroid gland. Development 144:2123–2140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Sandhya P, Kurien B, Danda D, Scofield R (2017) Update on pathogenesis of Sjogren’s syndrome. Curr Rheumatol Rev 13:5–22. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397112666160714164149

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Mavragani CP, Nezos A, Moutsopoulos HM (2013) New advances in the classification, pathogenesis and treatment of Sjogrenʼs syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 25:623–629. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0b013e328363eaa5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Salmaso C, Olive D, Pesce G, Bagnasco M (2002) Costimulatory molecules and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Autoimmunity 35:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/08916930290013441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Cogni G, Chiovato L (2013) An overview of the pathogenesis of thyroid autoimmunity. Hormones (Athens) 12:19–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Seldin MF (2015) The genetics of human autoimmune disease: a perspective on progress in the field and future directions. J Autoimmun 64:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2015.08.015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Tomer Y (2010) Genetic susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease: past, present, and future. Thyroid 20:715–725. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2010.1644

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Nezos A, Mavragani CP (2015) Contribution of genetic factors to Sjögren’s syndrome and Sjögren’s syndrome related lymphomagenesis. J Immunol Res 2015:754825–754812. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/754825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Lessard CJ, Li H, Adrianto I et al (2013) Variants at multiple loci implicated in both innate and adaptive immune responses are associated with Sjögren’s syndrome. Nat Genet 45:1284–1292. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2792

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Li Y, Zhang K, Chen H, Sun F, Xu J, Wu Z, Li P, Zhang L, du Y, Luan H, Li X, Wu L, Li H, Wu H, Li X, Li X, Zhang X, Gong L, Dai L, Sun L, Zuo X, Xu J, Gong H, Li Z, Tong S, Wu M, Li X, Xiao W, Wang G, Zhu P, Shen M, Liu S, Zhao D, Liu W, Wang Y, Huang C, Jiang Q, Liu G, Liu B, Hu S, Zhang W, Zhang Z, You X, Li M, Hao W, Zhao C, Leng X, Bi L, Wang Y, Zhang F, Shi Q, Qi W, Zhang X, Jia Y, Su J, Li Q, Hou Y, Wu Q, Xu D, Zheng W, Zhang M, Wang Q, Fei Y, Zhang X, Li J, Jiang Y, Tian X, Zhao L, Wang L, Zhou B, Li Y, Zhao Y, Zeng X, Ott J, Wang J, Zhang F (2013) A genome-wide association study in Han Chinese identifies a susceptibility locus for primary Sjögren’s syndrome at 7q11.23 45: . doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.2779

  57. Chu X, Pan C-M, Zhao S-X, et al (2011) A genome-wide association study identifies two new risk loci for Graves’ disease. Nat Genet 43:Suppl:S1–17 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.898

  58. Oryoji D, Ueda S, Yamamoto K, Yoshimura Noh J, Okamura K, Noda M, Watanabe N, Yoshihara A, Ito K, Sasazuki T (2015) Identification of a Hashimoto thyroiditis susceptibility locus via a genome-wide comparison with Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:E319–E324. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3431

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Cooper JD, Simmonds MJ, Walker NM, et al (2012) Seven newly identified loci for autoimmune thyroid disease. 21: . doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/dds357

  60. Zhao S-X, Xue L-Q, Liu W, Gu ZH, Pan CM, Yang SY, Zhan M, Wang HN, Liang J, Gao GQ, Zhang XM, Yuan GY, Li CG, du WH, Liu BL, Liu LB, Chen G, Su Q, Peng YD, Zhao JJ, Ning G, Huang W, Liang L, Qi L, Chen SJ, Chen Z, Chen JL, Song HD, for The China Consortium for the Genetics of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease (2013) Robust evidence for five new Graves’ disease risk loci from a staged genome-wide association analysis. Hum Mol Genet 22:3347–3362. https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddt183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Eriksson N, Tung JY, Kiefer AK, Hinds DA, Francke U, Mountain JL, Do CB (2012) Novel associations for hypothyroidism include known autoimmune risk loci. PLoS One 7:e34442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Song I-W, Chen H-C, Lin Y-F, Yang JH, Chang CC, Chou CT, Lee MTM, Chou YC, Chen CH, Chen YT, Chen CH, Wu JY (2016) Identification of susceptibility gene associated with female primary Sjögren’s syndrome in Han Chinese by genome-wide association study. Hum Genet 135:1287–1294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-016-1716-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Reksten TR, Lessard CJ, Sivils KL (2016) Genetics in Sjögren syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin N Am 42:435–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2016.03.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Taylor KE, Wong Q, Levine DM, McHugh C, Laurie C, Doheny K, Lam MY, Baer AN, Challacombe S, Lanfranchi H, Schiødt M, Srinivasan M, Umehara H, Vivino FB, Zhao Y, Shiboski SC, Daniels TE, Greenspan JS, Shiboski CH, Criswell LA (2017) Genome-wide association analysis reveals genetic heterogeneity of Sjögren’s syndrome according to ancestry. Arthritis Rheumatol 69:1294–1305. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.40040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Chu X, Pan C, Zhao S, et al (2011) A genome-wide association study identifies two new risk loci for Graves’ disease 43:897–902 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.898

  66. Sun F, Li P, Chen H, Wu Z, Xu J, Shen M, Leng X, Shi Q, Zhang W, Tian X, Li Y, Zhang F (2013) Association studies of TNFSF4, TNFAIP3 and FAM167A-BLK polymorphisms with primary Sjogren’s syndrome in Han Chinese. J Hum Genet 58:475–479. https://doi.org/10.1038/jhg.2013.26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Ferro F, Marcucci E, Orlandi M, Baldini C, Bartoloni-Bocci E (2017) One year in review 2017: primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol 35:179–191

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Burbelo PD, Ambatipudi K, Alevizos I (2014) Genome-wide association studies in Sjögren’s syndrome: what do the genes tell us about disease pathogenesis? Autoimmun Rev 13:756–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.02.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Teos LY, Alevizos I (2017) Genetics of Sjögren’s syndrome. Clin Immunol 182:41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2017.04.018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Cruz-Tapias P, Rojas-Villarraga A, Maier-Moore S, Anaya J-M (2012) HLA and Sjögren’s syndrome susceptibility. A meta-analysis of worldwide studies. Autoimmun Rev 11:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2011.10.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Tomer Y (2014) Mechanisms of autoimmune thyroid diseases: from genetics to epigenetics. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis 9:147–156. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-012513-104713

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Xiaoheng C, Yizhou M, Bei H, Huilong L, Xin W, Rui H, Lu L, Zhiguo D (2017) General and specific genetic polymorphism of cytokines-related gene in AITD. Mediat Inflamm 2017:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3916395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Wiersinga WM (2016) Clinical relevance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab 31:213–222. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2016.31.2.213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Inoue N, Watanabe M, Yamada H, Takemura K, Hayashi F, Yamakawa N, Akahane M, Shimizuishi Y, Hidaka Y, Iwatani Y (2012) Associations between autoimmune thyroid disease prognosis and functional polymorphisms of susceptibility genes, CTLA4, PTPN22, CD40, FCRL3, and ZFAT, previously revealed in genome-wide association studies. J Clin Immunol 32:1243–1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-012-9721-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Gomez LM, Anaya J-M, Gonzalez CI, Pineda-Tamayo R, Otero W, Arango A, Martín J (2005) PTPN22 C1858T polymorphism in Colombian patients with autoimmune diseases. Genes Immun 6:628–631. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6364261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Zeitlin AA, Heward JM, Newby PR, Carr-Smith JD, Franklyn JA, Gough SCL, Simmonds MJ (2008) Analysis of HLA class II genes in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis reveals differences compared to Graves’ disease. Genes Immun 9:358–363. https://doi.org/10.1038/gene.2008.26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Simmonds MJ (2013) GWAS in autoimmune thyroid disease: redefining our understanding of pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 9:277–287. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2013.56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Lee HJ, Li CW, Hammerstad SS, Stefan M, Tomer Y (2015) Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 64:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Anaya J-M, Restrepo-Jiménez P, Ramírez-Santana C (2018) The autoimmune ecology: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol 30:350–360. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Olsson P, Turesson C, Mandl T, Jacobsson L, Theander E (2017) Cigarette smoking and the risk of primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a nested case control study. Arthritis Res Ther 19(50):50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-017-1255-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Stone DU, Fife D, Brown M, Earley KE, Radfar L, Kaufman CE, Lewis DM, Rhodus NL, Segal BM, Wallace DJ, Weisman MH, Venuturupalli S, Brennan MT, Lessard CJ, Montgomery CG, Scofield RH, Sivils KL, Rasmussen A (2017) Effect of tobacco smoking on the clinical, histopathological, and serological manifestations of Sjögren’s syndrome. PLoS One 12:e0170249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Brix TH, Hansen PS, Kyvik KO, Hegedüs L (2000) Cigarette smoking and risk of clinically overt thyroid disease: a population-based twin case-control study. Arch Intern Med 160:661–666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wiersinga WM (2013) Smoking and thyroid. Clin Endocrinol 79:145–151. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Sharif K, Watad A, Bragazzi NL, Adawi M, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y (2017) Coffee and autoimmunity: more than a mere hot beverage! Autoimmun Rev 16:712–721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2017.05.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Eschler DC, Hasham A, Tomer Y (2011) Cutting edge: the etiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 41:190–197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-010-8245-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Antonelli A, Benvenga S (2017) Environmental issues in thyroid diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Brito-Zerón P, Baldini C, Bootsma H, Bowman SJ, Jonsson R, Mariette X, Sivils K, Theander E, Tzioufas A, Ramos-Casals M (2016) Sjögren syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Prim 2:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2016.47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Brito-Zerón P, Gheitasi H, Retamozo S, Bové A, Londoño M, Sánchez-Tapias JM, Caballero M, Kostov B, Forns X, Kaveri SV, Ramos-Casals M (2015) How hepatitis C virus modifies the immunological profile of Sjögren syndrome: analysis of 783 patients. Arthritis Res Ther 17:250. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-015-0766-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  89. Carle A, Bülow Pedersen I, Knudsen N et al (2013) Graves’ hyperthyroidism and moderate alcohol consumption: evidence for disease prevention. Clin Endocrinol 79:111–119. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Carle A, Pedersen IB, Knudsen N et al (2012) Moderate alcohol consumption may protect against overt autoimmune hypothyroidism: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Endocrinol 167:483–490. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-12-0356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Garcia-Carrasco M, Jiménez-Herrera EA, Gálvez-Romero JL, de Lara LV, Mendoza-Pinto C, Etchegaray-Morales I, Munguía-Realpozo P, Ruíz-Argüelles A, Jose R, Vera-Recabarren M, Cervera R (2017) Vitamin D and Sjögren syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 16:587–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Chen X, Wu H, Wei W (2018) Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of Sjogren’s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 37:1743–1749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-018-4153-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Jonsdottir B, Larsson C, Carlsson A, et al (2016) Thyroid and islet autoantibodies predict autoimmune thyroid disease already at type 1 diabetes diagnosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102:jc.2016–2335 . doi: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-2335

  94. Damoiseaux J, Andrade LE, Fritzler MJ, Shoenfeld Y (2015) Autoantibodies 2015: from diagnostic biomarkers toward prediction, prognosis and prevention. Autoimmun Rev 14:555–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2015.01.017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to all the members of the Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA) for the fruitful discussions and their contributions.

Funding

This research was supported by Colciencias (Grant No 122254531722/Grant No 0425-2013) and the Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Carrera 24 No 63-B-69, Bogota, Colombia

    Juan-Manuel Anaya, Paula Restrepo-Jiménez, Yhojan Rodríguez, Mónica Rodríguez-Jiménez, Yeny Acosta-Ampudia, Diana M. Monsalve, Yovana Pacheco, Carolina Ramírez-Santana, Nicolás Molano-González & Rubén D. Mantilla

Authors
  1. Juan-Manuel Anaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paula Restrepo-Jiménez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yhojan Rodríguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mónica Rodríguez-Jiménez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Diana M. Monsalve
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Yovana Pacheco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Carolina Ramírez-Santana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Nicolás Molano-González
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Rubén D. Mantilla
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juan-Manuel Anaya.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This study was done in compliance with Act 008430/1993 of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Colombia, which classified it as minimal-risk research. All patients voluntarily agreed to participate in the study as indicated by their reading and signing the informed consent. The institutional review board of the Universidad del Rosario approved the study design.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study as part of the project “Common Mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases.”

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Anaya, JM., Restrepo-Jiménez, P., Rodríguez, Y. et al. Sjögren’s Syndrome and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: Two Sides of the Same Coin. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 56, 362–374 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8709-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8709-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation