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Iodine Intake and its Interindividual Variability in Brazilian Pregnant Women: EMDI Brazil Study

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Abstract

Data on pregnant women’s iodine intake are limited in Brazil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of foods, food groups, and food subgroups to the Brazilian pregnant women’s iodine intake, and identify which food items explain the interindividual variability of their intake. A cross-sectional study with food consumption data of 2247 pregnant women from 24-h recalls was developed. Food items were classified according to the FAO/WHO GIFT classification, and their contribution to iodine intake and interindividual variability was assessed by the proportion of means method and linear regression, respectively. The mean usual iodine intake was 163.1 mcg (95% CI: 162.9–163.2). The food groups “spices and condiments,” “cereals and their products,” and “milk and milk products”; and the food subgroups “herbs and spices,” “wheat and wheat-based products,” “milk: fresh and processed,” “dough-based sweets,” and “eggs: fresh and processed” contributed to at least 80% of the iodine intake. Of these, only the food subgroups “milk,” “dough-based sweets,” and “eggs” did not explain the higher proportion (> 80%) of the interindividual variability. The contribution of “salt,” “white French bread,” “fluid whole milk,” and “rice” to the iodine intake and its interindividual variability is highlighted. This study confirms the importance of “salt” as a dietary source of iodine and that few food groups and subgroups explained the difference in the iodine intake among pregnant women. Despite that, Brazilian staple foods, such as “rice,” “beans,” “eggs,” “milk,” and “bread” were identified as important for iodine intake and could be included in nutritional guidelines targeted to Brazilian pregnant women.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated and analyzed in this study are not publicly available due to ethical aspects defined by the Ethics Committee for Research with Human Beings of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa. These data can be obtained upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the pregnant women, the Municipal Health Departments and the Multicenter Study of Iodine Deficiency (EMDI–Brazil) local coordinators for their participation, collaboration, and assistance in this research, as well as the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior for the scholarship (Brazil (CAPES)–finance code 001).

Funding

This study was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (grant number 408295/20171); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Fapemig) (grant number APQ-03336–18); and Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) (grant number 23075.057370/2020–01). CNPq, Fapemig, and UFPR had no role in the design, analysis or writing of this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Nutrição, Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas II, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil

    Débora Letícia Frizzi Silva & Francilene Maria Azevedo

  2. Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner 632, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil

    Sandra Patricia Crispim

  3. Departamento de Nutrição, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner 632, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil

    Gabriele Beraldi Silva

  4. Departamento de Nutrição e Saúde, Centro de Ciências Biológicas II, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil

    Juliana Farias de Novaes & Sylvia do Carmo Castro Franceschini

  5. Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Rua Barão de Itapary, 155, São Luís, MA, 65020-070, Brazil

    Carolina Abreu de Carvalho

  6. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Av. Marechal Rondon, S/N, São Cristóvão, SE, 49100-000, Brazil

    Danielle Góes da Silva

  7. Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, S/N, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil

    Edimar Aparecida Filomeno Fontes

  8. Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Alto da Jacuba, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus II, Rodovia MGT 367, Km 583, Nº 5000, Diamantina, MG, 39100-000, Brazil

    Mariana de Souza Macedo

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  1. Débora Letícia Frizzi Silva
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  2. Sandra Patricia Crispim
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Contributions

Conceptualization, D.L.F.S., S.P.C., J.F. de N., C.A. de C., D.G. da S., E.A.F.F., M.de S.M., and S. do C.C.F.; methodology, D.L.F.S., S.P.C.; software, D.L.F.S., S.P.C.; formal analysis, D.L.F.S., S.P.C.; investigation, D.L.F.S., S.P.C.; Resources, S. DO C.C.F., S.P.C.; data curation, D.L.F.S., S.P.C., G.B.S., F.M.A., M. de S.M.; writing—original draft preparation, D.L.F.S.; writing—review and editing, S.P.C., G.B.S., F.M.A., J.F. de N., C.A. de C., D.G. da S., E.A.F.F., M. de S.M., S. do C.C.F.; visualization, D.L.F.S.; supervision, S.P.C., C.A. de C., D.G. da S., E.A.F.F., M. de S.M., S. do C.C.F.; project administration, M. de S.M. and S. do C.C.F.; funding acquisition, S.P.C., M. de S.M., S. do C.C.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Débora Letícia Frizzi Silva.

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Ethics Approval

This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) (18 February 2018/protocol code 2.496.986).

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Silva, D.L.F., Crispim, S.P., Silva, G.B. et al. Iodine Intake and its Interindividual Variability in Brazilian Pregnant Women: EMDI Brazil Study. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 3025–3036 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03909-4

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