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Fluoride-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Approaches for Its Intervention

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Abstract

Fluoride is present everywhere in nature. The primary way that individuals are exposed to fluoride is by drinking water. It’s interesting to note that while low fluoride levels are good for bone and tooth growth, prolonged fluoride exposure is bad for human health. Additionally, preclinical studies link oxidative stress, inflammation, and programmed cell death to fluoride toxicity. Moreover, mitochondria play a crucial role in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). On the other hand, little is known about fluoride’s impact on mitophagy, biogenesis, and mitochondrial dynamics. These actions control the growth, composition, and organisation of mitochondria, and the purification of mitochondrial DNA helps to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species and the release of cytochrome c, which enables cells to survive the effects of fluoride poisoning. In this review, we discuss the different pathways involved in mitochondrial toxicity and dysfunction induced by fluoride. For therapeutic approaches, we discussed different phytochemical and pharmacological agents which reduce the toxicity of fluoride via maintained by imbalanced cellular processes, mitochondrial dynamics, and scavenging the ROS.

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All the data used from publicly available search engines namely PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science. These articles are available online.

Funding

We thank Indian Council of Medical Research for providing Extra mural research funding including fellowship support to Mr. Sachindra Kumar (Grant Number: - 5/8-4/6/Env/2020-NCD-II)

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Industrial Area Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, India

    Sachindra Kumar, V. Ravichandiran & Nitesh Kumar

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India

    Smita Shenoy

  3. Division of Anatomy, Department of Basic Medical Sciences (DBMS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India

    Ravindra Shantakumar Swamy

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  1. Sachindra Kumar
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  2. Smita Shenoy
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  3. Ravindra Shantakumar Swamy
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  4. V. Ravichandiran
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  5. Nitesh Kumar
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Contributions

Conceptualisation: Sachindra Kumar, Smita Shenoy, Ravindra Shantakumar Swamy, V. Ravichandiran, Nitesh Kumar. Manuscript writing: Sachindra Kumar, Nitesh Kumar. Figures: Sachindra Kumar, Nitesh Kumar. Review: Sachindra Kumar, Smita Shenoy, Ravindra Shantakumar Swamy, V. Ravichandiran, Nitesh Kumar

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Correspondence to Nitesh Kumar.

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Kumar, S., Shenoy, S., Swamy, R.S. et al. Fluoride-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Approaches for Its Intervention. Biol Trace Elem Res 202, 835–849 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03720-1

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