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Local and Systemic Hypoxia as Inductors of Increased Aluminum and Iron Brain Accumulation Promoting the Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease

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Abstract

Human environment is highly contaminated with aluminum, and aluminum is toxic to majority of tissues, particularly to neurons. In previous decades, aluminum exposure was frequently linked with the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and increased levels of Al were detected in the brains of individuals with AD. People who live in a certain area are exposed to aluminum in a similar way (they eat the same vegetable and other foodstuffs, use similar cosmetics, and buy medications from the same manufacturer), nevertheless not all of them develop Alzheimer’s disease. Majority of known risk factors for AD promote atherosclerosis and consequently reduce brain blood supply. In this review, we highlighted the significance of local (carotid disease and atherosclerosis of intracranial blood vessels) and systemic hypoxia (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and anemia) in the development of AD. Nerve tissue is very sophisticated and sensitive to hypoxia and aluminum toxicity. As a side effect of compensatory mechanisms in case of hypoxia, neurons start to uptake aluminum and iron to a greater extent. This makes perfect a background for the gradual onset and development of AD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Ana Cirovic & Aleksandar Cirovic

  2. African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, PMB, 5323, Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria

    Orish E Orisakwe

  3. Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Corrêa Street, n. 01, Guamá, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil

    Rafael Rodrigues Lima

  4. Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4/2, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia

    Aleksandar Cirovic

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Conceptualization: Aleksandar Cirovic; literature search: Ana Cirovic; writing—original draft: Ana Cirovic and Aleksandar Cirovic; critically revised the work: Orish E Orisakwea and Rafael Rodrigues Lima; validation: all the authors.

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Cirovic, A., Cirovic, A., Orisakwe, O.E. et al. Local and Systemic Hypoxia as Inductors of Increased Aluminum and Iron Brain Accumulation Promoting the Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 5134–5142 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03599-y

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