Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Increased Oxidative Stress, Altered Trace Elements, and Macro-Minerals Are Associated with Female Obesity

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Generally female individuals are more prone to obesity due to their lifestyle and physiology. However, female individuals have got little attention in this aspect. This pioneering study designed to find the level of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), non-enzymatic antioxidant (vitamin C), other trace elements (zinc and iron), and macro-minerals (sodium, potassium, and calcium) for female obesity determining its role and action in disease diagnosis along with propagation. For this prospective case-control study, 70 female obese and 70 healthy individuals were evaluated. Serum lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was measured to determine the level of lipid peroxidation. UV spectrophotometric method was implemented for vitamin C concentration to measure serum ascorbic acid. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was implemented to determine serum macro-minerals (Na, K, and Ca), and trace elements (Zn and Fe) were estimated. For statistical analysis, student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation test were executed. A significantly higher concentration of serum MDA (p < 0.001) and low concentration of antioxidants (vitamin C) (p < 0.001) are observed in patient than control group. We found a lower concentration of trace elements (zinc, iron) and macro-minerals (sodium, potassium, and calcium) in patients compared to control except sodium. The mean concentrations for serum Zn, Fe, Na, K, and Ca were 0.34 ± 0.01, 0.25 ± 0.01, 3828.91 ± 205.09, 90.42 ± 6.45, and 43.04 ± 2.38 mg/L and 0.78 ± 0.08, 0.84 ± 0.08, 2600.97 ± 99.79, 223.79 ± 14.64, and 86.43 ± 2.78 mg/L, respectively, for female obese patients and control subjects (p < 0.001). We can suggest from our study that there is a strong association of female obesity with increased serum concentrations of MDA and reduced non-enzymatic antioxidant vitamin C and different serum trace metals and macro-minerals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

WHO:

World Health Organization

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

BMI:

Body mass index

AAS:

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

TCA:

Trichloroacetic Acid

References

  1. James WPT (2008) The epidemiology of obesity: the size of the problem. J Intern Med 263:336–352

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Organization WH (2015) World health statistics 2015. World Health Organization

  3. Kelly T, Yang W, Chen C-S et al (2008) Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to 2030. Int J Obes 32:1431

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hickner J (2017) Is obesity a disease? J Fam Pract 66:596–597

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Jeffery RW, Utter J (2003) The changing environment and population obesity in the United States. Obes Res 11:12S–22S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vincent HK, Taylor AG (2006) Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity-induced oxidant stress in humans. Int J Obes 30:400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhou T, Prather E, Garrison D, Zuo L (2018) Interplay between ROS and antioxidants during ischemia-reperfusion injuries in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Int J Mol Sci 19:417

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M et al (2017) Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 114:1752–1761

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kris-Etherton PM, Lichtenstein AH, Howard BV, Steinberg D, Witztum JL, Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (2004) Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 110:637–641

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Farsani GM, Targhi FZ, Pishgahroudsari M et al (2015) High prevalence of zinc deficiency in Iranian morbid obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. J Minim Invasive Surg Sci 4

  11. Means RT (2004) Hepcidin and cytokines in anaemia. Hematology 9:357–362

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Kazi N et al (2008) Potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium levels in biological samples of hypertensive and nonhypertensive diabetes mellitus patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 124:206

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zemel MB (2002) Regulation of adiposity and obesity risk by dietary calcium: mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr 21:146S–151S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zemel MB, Sun X (2008) Dietary calcium and dairy products modulate oxidative and inflammatory stress in mice and humans. J Nutr 138:1047–1052

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Sarwar MS, Sarkar RC, Bhowmick R, Dewan SM, Ahmed MU, Hasnat A, Rashid M, Islam MS (2015) Effect of socio-economic status and estimation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant in preeclamptic pregnant women: a case–control study. Hypertens pregnancy 34:125–135

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nahar Z, Sarwar MS, Islam MS et al (2013) Determination of serum antioxidant vitamins, glutathione and MDA levels in panic disorder patients. Drug Res (Stuttg) 63:424–428

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Amin MN, Liza KF, Sarwar MS, Ahmed J, Adnan MT, Chowdhury MI, Hossain MZ, Islam MS (2015) Effect of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, macro minerals and trace elements on eczema. Arch Dermatol Res 307:617–623

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA (2002) Obesity. N Engl J Med 346:591–602. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra012586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Yumuk V, Tsigos C, Fried M, Schindler K, Busetto L, Micic D, Toplak H, Obesity Management Task Force of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (2015) European guidelines for obesity management in adults. Obes Facts 8:402–424

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Westerbacka J, Corner A, Tiikkainen M et al (2004) Women and men have similar amounts of liver and intra-abdominal fat, despite more subcutaneous fat in women: implications for sex differences in markers of cardiovascular risk. Diabetologia 47:1360–1369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Maslov LN, Naryzhnaya NV, Boshchenko AA et al (2018) Is oxidative stress of adipocytes a cause or a consequence of the metabolic syndrome? J Clin Transl Endocrinol

  22. Chen L-F, Tian Y-F, Lin C-H et al (2014) Repetitive hyperbaric oxygen therapy provides better effects on brain inflammation and oxidative damage in rats with focal cerebral ischemia. J Formos Med Assoc 113:620–628

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Marseglia L, Manti S, D’Angelo G et al (2015) Oxidative stress in obesity: a critical component in human diseases. Int J Mol Sci 16:378–400

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fernández-Sánchez A, Madrigal-Santillán E, Bautista M, Esquivel-Soto J, Morales-González A, Esquivel-Chirino C, Durante-Montiel I, Sánchez-Rivera G, Valadez-Vega C, Morales-González JA (2011) Inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity. Int J Mol Sci 12:3117–3132

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Garcia-Diaz DF, Lopez-Legarrea P, Quintero P, Martinez JA (2014) Vitamin C in the treatment and/or prevention of obesity. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 60:367–379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hartwich J, Goralska J, Siedlecka D et al (2007) Effect of supplementation with vitamin E and C on plasma hsCRP level and cobalt–albumin binding score as markers of plasma oxidative stress in obesity. Genes & nutrition. Springer, In, pp 151–154

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zuo L, Zhou T, Pannell BK, Ziegler AC, Best TM (2015) Biological and physiological role of reactive oxygen species–the good, the bad and the ugly. Acta Physiol 214:329–348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Uddin MG, Hossain MS, Rahman MA, Uddin AHMM, Bhuiyan MS (2017) Elemental zinc is inversely associated with C-reactive protein and oxidative stress in chronic liver disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 178:189–193

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Niki E (2009) Lipid peroxidation: physiological levels and dual biological effects. Free Radic Biol Med 47:469–484

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fraga CG, Shigenaga MK, Park J-W et al (1990) Oxidative damage to DNA during aging: 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine in rat organ DNA and urine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:4533–4537

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Selvakumar C, Maheshwari U (2012) Oxidant-Antioxidant disturbance in men classified as obese according to the preliminary WHO guidelines for Asians. J Stress Physiol Biochem:8

  32. Matés JM, Pérez-Gómez C, De Castro IN (1999) Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases. Clin Biochem 32:595–603

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hegde ML, Shanmugavelu P, Vengamma B, Rao TS, Menon RB, Rao RV, Rao KS (2004) Serum trace element levels and the complexity of inter-element relations in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 18:163–171

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. García OP, Long KZ, Rosado JL (2009) Impact of micronutrient deficiencies on obesity. Nutr Rev 67:559–572

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Yerlikaya FH, Toker A, Arıbaş A (2013) Serum trace elements in obese women with or without diabetes. Indian J Med Res 137:339

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Plum LM, Rink L, Haase H (2010) The essential toxin: impact of zinc on human health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7:1342–1365

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Kinlaw WB, Levine AS, Morley JE, Silvis SE, McClain C (1983) Abnormal zinc metabolism in type II diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 75:273–277

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. do Nascimento Marreiro D, Fisberg M, SMF C (2004) Zinc nutritional status and its relationships with hyperinsulinemia in obese children and adolescents. Biol Trace Elem Res 100:137–149

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ahluwalia N, Sun J, Krause D, Mastro A, Handte G (2004) Immune function is impaired in iron-deficient, homebound, older women. Am J Clin Nutr 79:516–521

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Arredondo M, Núñez MT (2005) Iron and copper metabolism. Mol Asp Med 26:313–327

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Nemeth E, Ganz T (2009) The role of hepcidin in iron metabolism. Acta Haematol 122:78–86

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Andrews NC (2004) Anemia of inflammation: the cytokine-hepcidin link. J Clin Invest 113:1251–1253

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Adnan MT, Amin MN, Uddin MG et al (2019) Increased concentration of serum MDA, decreased antioxidants and altered trace elements and macro-minerals are linked to obesity among Bangladeshi population. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 13:933–938

    Google Scholar 

  44. Soetan KO, Olaiya CO, Oyewole OE (2010) The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants-a review. Afr J Food Sci 4:200–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Stella SY, Kansagra SM (2014) Associations of sodium intake with obesity, body mass index, waist circumference, and weight. Am J Prev Med 46:e53–e55

    Google Scholar 

  46. Rowe JW, Tobin JD, Rosa RM, Andres R (1980) Effect of experimental potassium deficiency on glucose and insulin metabolism. Metabolism 29:498–502

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Teramoto T, Kawamori R, Miyazaki S, Teramukai S (2011) Sodium intake in men and potassium intake in women determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Japanese hypertensive patients: OMEGA study. Hypertens Res 34:957

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Cai X, Li X, Fan W et al (2016) Potassium and obesity/metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence. Nutrients 8:183

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Bowman SA, Vinyard BT (2004) Fast food consumption of US adults: impact on energy and nutrient intakes and overweight status. J Am Coll Nutr 23:163–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Melander O, Groop L, Hulthén UL (2000) Effect of salt on insulin sensitivity differs according to gender and degree of salt sensitivity. Hypertension 35:827–831

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J (2002) Nonhypertensive cardiac effects of a high salt diet. Curr Hypertens Rep 4:13–17

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Davies KM, Heaney RP, Recker RR, Lappe JM, Barger-Lux MJ, Rafferty K, Hinders S (2000) Calcium intake and body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4635–4638

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, Kovacs CS, Mayne ST, Rosen CJ, Shapses SA (2011) The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:53–58

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Zemel MB (2001) Calcium modulation of hypertension and obesity: mechanisms and implications. J Am Coll Nutr 20:428S–435S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Goodarzi MO (2018) Genetics of obesity: what genetic association studies have taught us about the biology of obesity and its complications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6:223–236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors expressing their gratitude to all of the staff and physicians at the Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, for their help in sample collection. The authors want to express gratitude for the technical and laboratory support provided by Eskayef Pharmaceuticals Limited, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Mohammad Nurul Amin and Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, Atish Dipankar University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Nurul Amin, Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui & Md. Ibrahim

  2. Pratyasha Health Biomedical Research Center, Dhaka, 1230, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Nurul Amin, Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui & Md. Giash Uddin

  3. Department of Pharmacy, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh

    Md. Giash Uddin & S. M. Naim Uddin

  4. College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA

    Md. Ibrahim

  5. Department of Pharmacy, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, 3814, Bangladesh

    Md. Tarek Adnan, Md. Zahedur Rahaman, Auditi Kar & Mohammad Safiqul Islam

Authors
  1. Mohammad Nurul Amin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shafayet Ahmed Siddiqui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Md. Giash Uddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Md. Ibrahim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. M. Naim Uddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Md. Tarek Adnan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Md. Zahedur Rahaman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Auditi Kar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Mohammad Safiqul Islam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MNA, SAS, and MGU participated in protocol designing and writing. MI, NU, MTA, AK, and MZR contributed in drafting and editing. MSI checked and approved the overall manuscript. MNA and SAS designed the figures.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammad Safiqul Islam.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Amin, M.N., Siddiqui, S.A., Uddin, M.G. et al. Increased Oxidative Stress, Altered Trace Elements, and Macro-Minerals Are Associated with Female Obesity. Biol Trace Elem Res 197, 384–393 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-02002-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-02002-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation