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Flow Injection Analysis Biosensor for Urea Analysis in Urine Using Enzyme Thermistor

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Abstract

There is a need for analytical methods capable of monitoring urea levels in urine for patients under clinical monitoring to appraise renal function. Herein, we present a practical method to quantify levels of urea in human urine samples using flow injection analysis-enzyme thermistor (FIA-ET) biosensor. The biosensor comprises a covalently immobilized enzyme urease (Jack bean) on aminated silica support, which selectively hydrolyzes the urea present in the sample. Under optimized conditions, the developed biosensor showed a linear response in the range of 10–1,000 mM, R 2 = 0.99, and response time of 90 s in 100 mM phosphate buffer (PB) (flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, sample volume of 0.1 mL, and pH 7.2). The urea-spiked human urine samples showed minimal matrix interference in the range of 10–1,000 mM. Recoveries were obtained (92.26–99.80 %) in the spiked urine samples. The reliability and reproducibility of the developed biosensor were found satisfactory with percent relative standard deviation (% RSD) = 0.741. The developed biosensor showed excellent operational stability up to 30 weeks with 20 % loss in original response when used continuously at room temperature. These results indicate that the developed biosensor could be very effective to detect low and high levels of urea in urine samples.

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Acknowledgments

This work is funded by the National Agriculture Innovation Project (NAIP) C4/C30032, ICAR, and The World Bank. We offer our sincere thanks to Prof. Bengt Danielsson, Acromed AB, Lund, Sweden for scientific interaction and providing the enzyme thermistor at BITS, Pilani-KK Birla Goa Campus. We also offer our sincere thanks to Dr. Rahul Mohan, NCAOR Goa for recording the SEM micrographs.

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  1. Kanchanmala Deshpande

    Present address: Department of Chemistry, Goa University, Goa, 403206, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, KK Birla Goa Campus, Goa, 403726, India

    Geetesh K. Mishra, Atul Sharma, Kanchanmala Deshpande & Sunil Bhand

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  1. Geetesh K. Mishra
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  2. Atul Sharma
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  3. Kanchanmala Deshpande
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  4. Sunil Bhand
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Correspondence to Sunil Bhand.

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Mishra, G.K., Sharma, A., Deshpande, K. et al. Flow Injection Analysis Biosensor for Urea Analysis in Urine Using Enzyme Thermistor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 174, 998–1009 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0985-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-0985-0

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