Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Usage of heavy metal-free compounds in surface coatings

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Coatings have been used since time immemorial for decorative and protective purposes. During the initial periods, when not much information was available regarding the health impact of the raw materials, there was no thought given or restrictions put on use of any ingredients in coatings. Some of the raw materials like white lead (lead carbonate), red lead (lead oxide), hexavalent chromium compounds, and other similar compounds were being used in large quantities to get specific paint film properties. This not only affected human health but also with no effective effluent treatment contaminated soil and water resources. With progress in technology and diagnostics, lead and chromium compounds have been identified as carcinogens. The developed countries (Europe and USA) were the first to ban the use of lead in their products in the 1970s and 1980s, but due to mainly economic reasons, these are still being used in the developing countries. As the long-term health impact is too much to bear, regulations/legislations have been enacted by the governments restricting use of lead/chrome in paints. The Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint (GAELP), a joint association formed under the United Nations Environment programme, and World Health Organization have agreed to phase out manufacture and sale of paints containing lead by 2020. Similar restrictions exist for many other compounds used in coatings. The article attempts to present a synopsis of the history of coatings composition, impact of the heavy metals on health and environment, and the options available for shifting to safer coating composition. As major focus of the world is on lead elimination, it has been covered in more detail, but the article also provides information on other metals, namely cadmium, chromium, mercury, arsenic, antimony, tin, nickel, manganese, cobalt, etc., and their current status.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. “Lead in Paints.” Dr. Sapna Johnson Dr. Nirmali Saikia Mr. Ramakant Sahu, Centre for Science and Environment, Date August 2009,PML/PR-34/2009, (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ramakant_Sahu/publication/238732631_Lead_in_Paints/links/0deec529c276591ab8000000.pdf), accessed on 17 April 2020

  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead, accessed on 06 May 2020

  3. “Global Lead Paint Elimination by 2020: A Test of the Effectiveness of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management.” Jack Weinberg IPEN Senior Policy Advisor, Dr. Scott Clark IPEN Public Health Advisor for Lead Paint Professor Emeritus, Environmental Health University of Cincinnati, (https://ipen.org/pdfs/ipen_global_lead_paint_elimination_report_2012.pdf), accessed on 17 April 2020

  4. “Development and Preparation of Lead-Containing Paint Films and Diagnostic Test Materials.” David Binstock, William Gutknecht, Kristen Sorrell, Curtis Haas, Wayne Winstead, Michelle McCombs, Gordon Brown, and Cynthia Salmons, and Sharon L. Harper

  5. https://www.britannica.com/science/lead-chemical-element, accessed on 06 May 2020

  6. “Toolkit for Establishing Laws to Control the Use of Lead in Paint.” Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint.

  7. OCCA Student Monograph No. 1 Basic Science for Students of Paint Technology, 1998, p. 19

  8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paint “Environmental Impact of Paint.” From Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopaedia Lit 4

  9. Tapan K. Debroy, Utica; Ding Y.Chung, Rochester Hills; Craig R.Deschner, Southfield; Sioe-Heng A.Tjoe, Troy, all of Mich. Feb. 20, 1990, “Cathodic Electrodeposition Coatings Containing Lead Cyanamideas A Supplementary Catalyst.” Patent Number: 4,994

  10. “Model Law and Guidance for Regulating Lead Paint.” The United Nations Environment Programme Revised July 2018, UN Environment, Global Alliance To Eliminate Lead Paint, (https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/22417/Model_Law_Guidance_%20Lead_Paint.pdf?sequence=7), accessed on 27 April 2020

  11. Study on Lead in Paints in India 2019, IPEN a Toxic Free Future, Supervised by: Piyush Mohapatra, Research and Compiled by: Tripti Arora, Dr. Prashant Rajankar, (http://toxicslink.org/docs/Lead%20in%20Paints%202%20(4).pdf), accessed on 27 April 2020

  12. “LEAD: Time To Retire From Continuous Galvanizing and Organic Coating in Flat Steel Industry.” 19th Middle East Iron & Steel Conference. 14 – 16th Dec 2015

  13. “Lead in New Decorative Paints: A Global Study.” By Dr Abhay Kumar, IPEN, August 2009, Toxics Link, H2 Jungpura Extension, New Delhi-110014. www.toxicslink.org email: info@toxicslink.org, (http://pan-afrique.org/fr/Rapports/Etudes/Global_Lead_in_Paint.pdf), accessed on 27 April 2020

  14. “Lead-free Paints.” Source: Insight-The Consumer Magazine September-October 2009,http://cercenvis.nic.in/PDF/eco%20friendly%20paint.pdf, accessed on 18 April 2020

  15. “Current Status and Future of Lead Based Paints and Pigments in Asia and the Pacific-Interim Report.” Satoshi Murao and Kyoko Ono, September 2012, TsukubaJapan, (https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/14241/Interim_UNEP_AIST-as%20of%2018Sep-final clean%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)), accessed on 16 April 2020

  16. “Global Report on the Status of Legal Limits of Lead in Paints-2016 Report.” United Nations Environment Programme | May 2016, (https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/11348/Limits-Lead-Paint-2016%20Report-Final.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y), accessed on 05 May 2020

  17. https://www.chemistryworld.com/newfs/why-use-lead-in-paint/3004319.article “Why Use Lead in Paint?” By James Mitchell Crow 21 August 2007

  18. “Technical Guidelines for Replacing Lead Oxide in Anti-corrosives Paints in Tunisia.” July 2018

  19. “Update on the Global Status of Legal Limits on Lead in Paint.” September 2019, (https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30110/2019_Global_Update.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y), accessed on 03 May 2020

  20. “Replacement of Lead Pigments in Solvent Based Decorative Paints.” IPEN- A Toxic Free Future, (https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/Replacement%20of%20lead%20pigments%20in%20solvent%20based%20decorative%20paints.pdf), accessed on 10 May 2020

  21. “Alternatives for Lead Chromate Based Pigments in the Coatings Industry and Their Technical Compromise.” Cristina Zanzottera, PhD, MBA Product Manager Dominion Colour Corporation Maastricht, The Netherlands, (http://www.mypma.org.my/downloads/events/green-1117/5-lead-free-alternatives.pdf), accessed on 30 March 2020

  22. “Lead Free for Our Environment.” Heubach, (https://www.heubach-india.com/fileadmin/downloads/brochures/Bleifrei_web_1.pdf), accessed on 30 March 2020

  23. EN ISO 18451-1 Pigment Models

  24. “Wetting and Dispersing Additives.” BYK Additives and Instruments, (https://ebooks.byk.com/fileadmin/pdf/BYK_L-WI_1_EN_Online.pdf), accessed on 10 May 2020

  25. “Little Helpers Love Great Achievements Practical Guide to Dispersing Agents.”- BASF, accessed on 30 October 2021

  26. “Hybrid Pigments.” European Coatings Journal, 06/2008, Vincentz

  27. “Pigmentation Alternates to Lead Chromates.” UmitHancer, October 2019 by BASF, (http://www.saicm.org/portals/12/Documents/GEF-Project/Beijing-WS/BCE-Leadfree-Alternatives.pdf), accessed on 05 May 2020

  28. “Lead Replacement in Industrial Paints MC Industrial.” January- 2002 Ciba

  29. (https://www.pcimag.com/articles/101063-lead-chromate-replacement) “Lead Chromate Replacement - Old Hat But Still a Long Process.”

  30. (https://www.paint.org/coatingstech-magazine/articles/greater-demand-performance-functionality-drive-pigment-development/) “Greater Demand for Performance and Functionality Drive Pigment Development” Lit 6

  31. “Organic Pigments for Decorative and Industrial Coatings.” (https://www.unioncolours.com/media/1074/union-colours-coatings-brochure-issue-3.pdf), accessed on 25 April 2020

  32. Malshe, VC, Basics of Paint Technology. 2002, pp. 78-79

  33. Corrosion and Corrosion Control, an Introduction to Corrosion Science and Engineering. Fourth Edition R. Winston & Herbert H. Uhlig 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 291

  34. “Lead Paint Reformulation Technical Guidelines.” (http://www.saicm.org/Portals/12/Documents/GEF-Project/Lead-Paint/Lead_Paint_TG_Draft_25032019.pdf), accessed on 30 April 2020

  35. The Chemistry and Technology of Paints. Maximilian Toch, 1916, p. 177

  36. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41529-018-0034-5 “Chromate Replacement: What Does the Future Hold?”

  37. NR Whitehouse, PRA, MeltonMowbray,Leicestershire, UK, Management of Corrosion of Automobiles. 2017 Elsevier Inc.

  38. Pipe Line Corrosion & Cathodic Protection. Third Edition, Marshall E. Parker Edward G. Peattie, 1999, by Elsevier Science (USA), p. 126

  39. https://www.gravitaindia.com/litharge/, accessed on 17 May 2020

  40. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium, accessed on 14 June 2020

  41. Cadmium Review, Nordic Council of Ministers, January 2003

  42. https://www.cadmium.org/cadmium-applications, accessed on 14 June 2020

  43. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_pigments, accessed on 14 June 2020

  44. “Exposure to Cadmium: A Major Public Health Concern, Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments.” World Health Organisation

  45. “Beyond Cadmium To More Colours!” The Art Tree House, September 23, 2018 (https://arttreehouse.com/artstore/beyond-cadmium-to-more-colors/)

  46. “Cadmium in General and Copper-based Paints.” European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), 19 November 2012

  47. Brandes, EA, Greenaway, HT, Stone, HEN, “Ductility in Chromium.” Nature 178 (4533) 587 (1956)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. EPA (August 2000). “Abandoned Mine Site Characterization and Clean up Handbook.” (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 8 September 2019

  49. Morrison, RD; Murphy, BL (4 August 2010). Environmental Forensics: Contaminant Specific Guide. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080494784

  50. Marrion, Alastair (2004). The Chemistry and Physics of Coatings. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 287. ISBN 978-0-85404-604-1

  51. (https://colourlex.com/project/viridian), accessed on 08 July 20

  52. “Sampling and Monitoring for Lead.” https://www.cpwr.com/sites/default/files/training/lead/Lead%209.pdf), accessed on 05 May 2020

  53. Senese, F. “Why is Mercury a Liquid at STP?” General Chemistry Online at Frostburg State University. Archived from the Original on 4 April 2007, accessed on 16 June 2020

  54. Merck's Manual 1899 (First ed.). Archived from the Original on 24 August 2013, accessed on 16 June 2020

  55. Kulshreshtha, AK, Basic Electrical Engineering: Principles and Applications. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, India (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  56. “https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001566.htm”, accessed on 16 June 2020

  57. King, RJ, “Minerals Explained 37: Cinnabar.” Geology Today. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0266-6979.2003.00366.x (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. “Mercury.” NIEHS, Archived from the Original on 19 November 2016, accessed on 16 June 2020

  59. Bose-O’Reilly, S, McCarty, KM, Steckling, N, Lettmeier, B, “Mercury Exposure and Children’s Health.” Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.07.002 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Rooney, JPK, “The Retention Time of Inorganic Mercury in the Brain — A Systematic Review of the Evidence.” Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2013.12.011 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic, accessed on 17 June 2020

  62. “Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds.” (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304380/), accessed on 17 June 2020

  63. “Arsenic and Old Paint.” New Scientist, 29 May 1999, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16221883-400-arsenic-and-old-paint/, accessed on 17 June 2020

  64. “Non-silicone Biocide-free Antifouling Solutions.” J A Lewis, ES Link Services Pty Ltd, Australia

  65. “The Arsenic Rule: Background and Rule Provisions.” https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/train1-background.pdf, accessed on 17 June 2020

  66. Meija, J, et al. “Atomic Weights of the Elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report).” Pure Appl. Chem. https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0305 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. “www.http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-019/of03-019.pdf”, Butterman, C.; Carlin, Jr., J. F. (2003). “Mineral Commodity Profiles: Antimony.” United States Geological Survey, accessed on 18 June 2020

  68. O'Mara, William C.; Herring, Robert B.; Hunt, Lee Philip (1990). Handbook of Semiconductor Silicon Technology. William Andrew. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-8155-1237-0. Fastener. In Glass and Ceramics, Sb is Present as a Pigment, Fining Agent, Opacifier or Fastener.

  69. Weil, Edward D.; Levchik, Sergei V. “Antimony Trioxide and Related Compounds.” Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles: Practical Applications.

  70. “https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp23.pdf”, “Toxicological Profile for Antimony and Compounds.” October 2019, accessed on 19 June 2020

  71. “www.https://www.britannica.com/science/antimony-poisoning”, “Antimony Poisoning.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, accessed on 19 June 2020

  72. Sundar, S, Chakravarty, J, “Antimony Toxicity.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 7 (12) 4267–4277. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7124267 (2010)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin accessed on 10 June 2020

  74. https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/sn.htm accessed on 10 June 2020

  75. “Tributyltin.” Toxicpedia, Katarina Lah, Last Updated by Toxipedia in 2011, https://www.healthandenvironment.org/docs/ToxipediaTributylTinArchive.pdf, accessed on 10 June 2020

  76. Lagerstrom, M, Strand, J, Eklund, B, Ytreberg, E, “Total Tin and Organotin Speciation in Historic Layers of Antifouling Paint on Leisure Boat Hulls.” Environ. Pollut., 220 1333–1341 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Dieter Guhl, TIB Chemicals AG, Mannheim, Germany, “Alternatives to DBTL Catalysts in Polyurethanes – A Comparative Study.” Research Gate, Access on 12 March 2020

  78. https://www.esaar.com/2018/07/08/cuprous-oxide-red-what-is-it-how-is-it-used/without-antifouling-paint-coating/, accessed on 14 June 2020

  79. Voulvoulis, N, Scrimshaw, MD, Lester, JN, “Review-Alternative Antifouling Biocides.” Appl. Organometal. Chem., 13 135–143 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Anti-fouling Systems, Focus on IMO, International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, United Kingdom

  81. “Redefining Antifouling Coatings.” Dr. Geoffrey Swain, Oceanography and Ocean Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, U.S.

  82. SIKORA, Robert, John Northville, MI 48167 (US), Date of filing: 02.12.1999, “Bismuth Oxide Catalyst for Cathodic Electrocoating Compositions.” EP 1 135 443 B1

  83. “Nickel Use in Society.” Nickel Institute, Archived from the Original on September 21, 2017, accessed on 07 July 20

  84. Davis, Joseph R. (2000), “Uses of Nickel.” ASM Specialty Handbook: Nickel, Cobalt, and Their Alloys. ASM International, pp. 7–13, ISBN 978-0-87170-685-0

  85. https://www.heubachcolor.com/products/inorganicpigments/#:~:text=Nickel%20rutiles%20are%20light%20lemon,shade%20of%20the%20final%20product, accessed on 07 July 20

  86. Ololade, IA, Oginni, O, “Toxic Stress and Hematological Effect on African Catfish Clarias gariepinus, Fingerlings.” J. Environ. Chem., 2 (2) 014–019 (2010)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Butticè, Claudio (2015), “Nickel Compounds,” In Colditz, Graham A. (ed.), The SAGE Encyclopedia of Cancer and Society (Second ed.), Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 828–831, ISBN 9781483345734

  88. Ewa BJ, Mikomaj P, “Effects of Cadmium and Nickel on Hematological Parameters of Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio L.”, Acta Ichthyologica Et Piscatoria. (2005)

  89. Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). “Mangan.” Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1110–1117. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3

  90. http://www.americanmanganeseinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/American-Manganese-Phase-II-August-19-2010-Final-Report-Internet-Version-V2.pdf, accessed on 08 July 20

  91. https://www.suppliersonline.com/propertyp.s/2024.asp, accessed on 08 July 20

  92. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/FR-1995-07-17/95-17476, accessed on 08 July 20

  93. Rehsi, S.S. (31 December 1983), Magnesium Oxide in Portland Cement, pp. 467–483, ISBN 9780080286709. accessed on 08 July 20

  94. Basics of Paint Technology, by VC Malshe, 2002, p. 46.

  95. http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Manganese_dioxide#:~:text=Both%20natural%20and%20synthetic%20manganese,as%20a%20colorant%20in%20mortar.&text=It%20is%20used%20as%20a,a%20drier%20for%20oil%20paints, accessed on 08 July 20

  96. https://www.handprint.com/HP/WCL/pigmt1b.html, accessed on 08 July 20

  97. Erikson, Keith M.; Ascher, Michael (2019). “Chapter 10. Manganese: Its Role in Disease and Health.” In Sigel, Astrid; Freisinger, Eva; Sigel, Roland K. O.; Carver, Peggy L. (Guest editor) (eds.). Essential Metals in Medicine: Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. 19. Berlin: de Gruyter GmbH. pp. 253–266.

  98. Emsley, John (2001). “Manganese.” Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 249–253. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.

  99. Murthy, V. S. R (2003), “Magnetic Properties of Materials.” Structure And Properties Of Engineering Materials, p. 381, ISBN 978-0-07-048287-6

  100. Holleman, AF, Wiberg, E, Wiberg, N, (2007), “Cobalt.” Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (102nd ed.), de Gruyter, pp. 1146–1152, ISBN 978-3-11-017770-1

  101. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/123235/cobalt-Co, accessed on 08 July 20

  102. Campbell, Flake C (2008-06-30), “Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys.” Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys, pp. 557–558, ISBN 978-0-87170-867-0

  103. Michel, R, Nolte, M, Reich, M, Löer, F, “Systemic Effects of Implanted Prostheses Made of Cobalt-Chromium Alloys.” Arch. Orthoped. Trauma Surg., 110 (2) 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393876 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Overman, Frederick (1852). A Treatise on Metallurgy. D. Appleton & Company, pp. 631–637

  105. Muhlethaler, B, Thissen, J, Muhlethaler, B, “Smalt.” Stud. Cons., 14 (2) 47–61. https://doi.org/10.2307/1505347 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Committee on Technological Alternatives for Cobalt Conservation, National Research Council (U.S.); National Materials Advisory Board (1983), “Ground–Coat Frit,” Cobalt Conservation Through Technological Alternatives. p. 129

  107. Handbook of Coatings Additives. Edited by Leonard J. Calbo. King Industries, Norwalk, Connecticut, p. 492.

  108. Donaldson, John D. and Beyersmann, Detmar (2005) “Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds.” Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a07_281.pub2

  109. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. “#0146.” National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

  110. Elbagir, Nima; van Heerden, Dominique; Mackintosh, Eliza (May 2018), “Dirty Energy.” CNN, Accessed on 07 July 20

  111. Basketter, DA, Angelini, G, Ingber, A, Kern, PS, Menné, T, “Nickel, Chromium and Cobalt in Consumer Products: Revisiting Safe Levels in the New Millennium.” Contact Dermatitis, 49 (1) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-1873.2003.00149.x (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Charlotte Pilemand and Eva Wallström EnPro ApS, “Substitution of Cobalt Driers and Methyl Ethyl Ketoxime.” accessed on 20 March 2020

  113. https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/zr.htm#:~:text=Zirconium%20is%20a%20very%20strong,hardness%20is%20similar%20to%20copper accessed on 14 December 2020

  114. “Pigment & Resin Technology.” Vol. 7 Issue 9 pp. 15–17, (https://doi.org/10.1108/eb041421)

  115. https://www.pfonline.com/articles/conversion-coatings-phosphate-vs-zirconium-,accessed on 21 March 2022

  116. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconium#Safety, accessed on 07 July 2020

  117. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0677.html, accessed on 07 July 2020

  118. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium#:~:text=Titanium%20is%20a%20chemical%20element,%2C%20aqua%20regia%2C%20and%20chlorine accessed on 14 December 2020

  119. https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/titanium-dioxide/, accessed on 07 July 2020

  120. “Pigments Through the Ages - History - Titanium Dioxide Whites.” (webexhibits.org), accessed on 20 March 2022

  121. https://echa.europa.eu/brief-profile/-/briefprofile/100.013.894 accessed on 20 March 2022

  122. “Brands and Products.” | The Chemours Company accessed on 20 March 2022

  123. GS-11 Paints and Coatings 2nd Ed (greenseal.org) p. 19 accessed on 20 March 2022

  124. “Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, Titanium Dioxide, New Jersey Department of Health.” https://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1861.pdf, accessed on 07 July 2020

  125. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#:~:text=Zinc%20is%20a%20chemical%20element,appearance%20when%20oxidation%20is%20removed.&text=Zinc%20is%20the%2024th%20most,and%20has%20five%20stable%20isotopes accessed on 14 December 2020

  126. https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/zn.htm, accessed on 07 July 2020

  127. “The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health.” Laura M. Plum, Lothar Rink, and Hajo Haase, Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010 Apr; 7(4): 1342–1365, Published online 2010 Mar 26. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7041342

  128. “Zinc Metal Safety Data Sheet.” Teck,https://www.teck.com/media/Zinc-Metal-SDS.pdf, accessed on 07 July 2020.

  129. “Brief Guide to Analytical Methods for Measuring Lead in Paint, Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals.” World Health Organization 2011, https://www.who.int/ipcs/assessment/public_health/lead_paint.pdf), accessed on 01 May 2020

  130. “Lead Requirements for Contractors Conducting Work at The University of Texas at Austin.” https://ehs.utexas.edu/programs/occupationalsafety/documents/Lead-Requirements-Contractors.pdf, accessed on 03 May 2020

  131. “Analytical Methods for Measuring Lead in Paints.” http://www.saicm.org/Portals/12/Documents/GEF-Project/Amalty-WS/Analysis%20of%20lead%20in%20paints_ENG.pdf accessed on 03 May 2020

  132. http://chemicalinstrumentation.weebly.com/flame-aas.html, accessed on 03 May 2020

  133. https://www.astm.org/Standards/D564.htm, accessed on 07 July 20

  134. https://www.astm.org/Standards/D2350.htm, accessed on 17 June 2020

  135. https://www.astm.org/Standards/D2373.htm, accessed on 07 July 20

  136. https://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/HISTORICAL/D2375-05.htm, accessed on 07 July 20

  137. (https://www.astm.org/Standards/D3335.htm, accessed on 07 July 20

  138. https://www.astm.org/Standards/D3624.htm, accessed on 16 June 2020

  139. https://www.astm.org/Standards/D3717.htm, accessed on 17 June 2020

  140. https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/inorganic/id103/id103.html, accessed on 16 June 2020

Download references

Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank Asian Paints management for giving the opportunity to publish the review paper. The authors also wish to thank Dr Rajeev Jain, Ms Elvina Rose, Dr Shekhar Tambe, Dr Ramashanker Mishra, and Dr Sujay Mahajan for critically reviewing the paper and providing valuable inputs regarding its content.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Asian Paints Ltd. R & T Center, Navi Mumbai, 400703, India

    Dayanand Puthran & Dilip Patil

Authors
  1. Dayanand Puthran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dilip Patil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dayanand Puthran.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Puthran, D., Patil, D. Usage of heavy metal-free compounds in surface coatings. J Coat Technol Res 20, 87–112 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00648-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00648-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation