Abstract
There are various philosophical approaches and theories describing the intimate relation people have to artifacts. In this paper, I explore the relation between two such theories, namely distributed cognition and distributed morality theory. I point out a number of similarities and differences in these views regarding the ontological status they attribute to artifacts and the larger systems they are part of. Having evaluated and compared these views, I continue by focussing on the way cognitive artifacts are used in moral practice. I specifically conceptualise how such artifacts (a) scaffold and extend moral reasoning and decision-making processes, (b) have a certain moral status which is contingent on their cognitive status, and (c) whether responsibility can be attributed to distributed systems. This paper is primarily written for those interested in the intersection of cognitive and moral theory as it relates to artifacts, but also for those independently interested in philosophical debates in extended and distributed cognition and ethics of (cognitive) technology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brey, P. (2014). From moral agents to moral factors: The structural ethics approach. In P. Kroes & P. P. Verbeek (Eds.), The moral status of technical artefacts (pp. 125–142). Dordrecht: Springer.
Clark, A. (1997). Being there: Putting brain, body, and world together again. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clark, A. (2008). Supersizing the mind: Embodiment, action, and cognitive extension. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Clark, A., & Chalmers, D. (1998). The extended mind. Analysis, 58(1), 7–19.
Coeckelbergh, M., & Wackers, G. (2007). Imagination, distributed responsibility and vulnerable technological systems: The case of Snorre A. Science and Engineering Ethics, 13(2), 235–248.
Davies, M. (1991). Thinking like an engineer: The place of a code of ethics in the practice of a profession. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 20(2), 150–167.
DeMarco, J., & Ford, P. (2014). Neuroethics and the ethical parity principle. Neuroethics, 7(3), 317–325.
Floridi, L. (2013). Distributed morality in an information society. Science and Engineering Ethics, 19(3), 727–743.
Floridi, L., & Sanders, J. (2004). On the morality of artificial agents. Minds and Machines, 14(3), 349–379.
Giere, R. (2004). The problem of agency in scientific distributed cognitive systems. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 4(3), 759–774.
Giere, R. (2006). The role of agency in distributed cognitive systems. Philosophy of Science, 73(5), 710–719.
Hanson, F. (2009). Beyond the skin bag: On the moral responsibility of extended agencies. Ethics and Information Technology, 11(1), 91–99.
Harris, C., Keil, P., Sutton, J., & Barnier, A. (2010). Collaborative remembering: When can remembering with others be beneficial? In W. Christensen, E. Schier & J. Sutton (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th conference of the Australasian Society for cognitive science (pp. 131–134).
Heersmink, R. (2015). Dimensions of integration in embedded and extended cognitive systems. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 14(3), 577–598.
Heersmink, R. (2016). Extended mind and cognitive enhancement: Moral aspects of cognitive artifacts. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. doi:10.1007/s11097-015-9448-5.
Himma, K. (2009). Artificial agency, consciousness, and the criteria for moral agency: What properties must an artificial agent have to be a moral agent? Ethics and Information Technology, 11(1), 19–29.
Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., & Kirsh, D. (2000). Distributed cognition: Toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. ACM Transactions on Computer–Human Interaction, 7(2), 174–196.
Hutchins, E. (1995). Cognition in the wild. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hutchins, E. (2014). The cultural ecosystem of human cognition. Philosophical Psychology, 27(1), 34–49.
Johnson, D. (2006). Computer systems: Moral entities but not moral agents. Ethics and Information Technology, 8(4), 195–204.
Johnson, J., et al. (2013). The effects of note-taking and review on sensemaking and ethical decision making. Ethics and Behaviour, 23(4), 299–323.
Kaiser, M., Millar, K., Thorstensen, E., & Tomkins, S. (2007). Developing the ethical matrix as a decisions support framework: GM fish as a case study. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 20(1), 65–80.
Kirsh, D. (2006). Distributed cognition: A methodological note. Pragmatics & Cognition, 14(2), 249–262.
Knappett, C., & Malafouris, L. (2008). Material and nonhuman agency: An introduction. In C. Knappett & L. Malafouris (Eds.), Material agency: Towards a non-anthropocentric approach (pp. ix–xix). New York: Springer.
Levy, N. (2007a). Rethinking neuroethics in the light of the extended mind thesis. American Journal of Bioethics, 7(9), 3–11.
Levy, N. (2007b). Neuroethics: Challenges for the 21 st century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ludwig, D. (2015). Extended cognition and the explosion of knowledge. Philosophical Psychology, 28(3), 355–368.
Magnani, L., & Bardone, E. (2008). Distributed morality: Externalizing ethical knowledge in technological artifacts. Foundations of Science, 13(1), 99–108.
Malafouris, L. (2008). At the potter’s wheel: An argument for material agency. In C. Knappett & L. Malafouris (Eds.), Material agency: Towards a non-anthropocentric approach (pp. 19–36). New York: Springer.
Martin, A., Bagdasarov, Z., & Connelly, S. (2015). The capacity for ethical decisions: The relationship between working memory and ethical decision making. Science and Engineering Ethics, 21(2), 271–292.
Menary, R. (2007). Cognitive integration: Mind and cognition unbounded. London: Palgrave McMillan.
Menary, R. (2010). Dimensions of mind. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 561–578.
Mepham, B. (2000). A framework for the ethical analysis of novel foods: The ethical matrix. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 12(2), 165–176.
Michaelian, K. (2012). Is external memory memory? Biological memory and extended mind. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(3), 1154–1165.
Michaelian, K., & Sutton, J. (2013). Distributed cognition and memory research: History and current directions. Review of Philosophy and Psychology, 4(1), 1–24.
Peterson, M., & Spahn, A. (2011). Can technological artefacts be moral agents? Science and Engineering Ethics, 17(3), 411–424.
Rowlands, M. (1999). The body in mind: Understanding cognitive processes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schulzke, M. (2013). Autonomous weapons and distributed responsibility. Philosophy and Technology, 26(2), 203–219.
Smart, P., Heersmink, R., & Clowes, R. (2016). The cognitive ecology of the internet. In S. Cowley & F. Vallée-Tourangeau (Eds.), Cognition beyond the brain: Computation, interactivity and human artifice (2nd ed.). Dordrecht: Springer.
Søraker, J. (2007). The moral status of information and information technology: A relational theory of moral status. In S. Hongladarom & C. Ess (Eds.), Information technology ethics: Cultural perspectives (pp. 1–19). Hershey: Idea Group Publishing.
Sterelny, K. (2010). Minds: Extended or scaffolded? Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 465–481.
Sutton, J. (2006). Distributed cognition: Domains and dimensions. Pragmatics & Cognition, 14(2), 235–247.
Sutton, J. (2010). Exograms and interdisciplinarity: History, the extended mind, and the civilizing process. In R. Menary (Ed.), the extended mind (pp. 189–225). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Verbeek, P. P. (2011). Moralizing technology: Understanding and designing the morality of things. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Verbeek, P. P. (2014). Some misunderstandings about the moral significance of technology. In P. Kroes & P. P. Verbeek (Eds.), The moral status of technical artefacts (pp. 75–88). Dordrecht: Springer.
Wheeler, M. (2010). In defense of extended functionalism. In R. Menary (Ed.), The extended mind (pp. 245–270). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wilson, R., & Clark, A. (2009). How to situate cognition: Letting nature take its course. In P. Robbins & M. Aydede (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of situated cognition (pp. 55–77). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Heersmink, R. Distributed Cognition and Distributed Morality: Agency, Artifacts and Systems. Sci Eng Ethics 23, 431–448 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-016-9802-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-016-9802-1