Abstract
Purpose of review
With the rapid growth of cholangiopancreatoscopy, several platforms of cholangiopancreatoscopy have been currently available. Since the introduction of digital single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy, there have been several reports describing its efficacy for long-standing and novel applications. The purpose of this review is to show the current status and future perspective of cholangiopancreatoscopy.
Recent findings
Meta-analysis of cholangiopancreatoscopy have demonstrated good diagnostic yield for visual impression; however, it should be noted that there is no standardized classification system used for distinguishing benign from malignant lesions. In contrast, utility of tissue sampling under direct vision for cholangiopancreatic disorders is inconclusive. This could be explained by the fact that available devices (e.g., biopsy forceps) are limited by the small diameter of accessory channel. Regarding therapeutic applications, several studies demonstrated efficacy and feasibility of electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stone and pancreatic duct stone under cholangiopancreatoscopic guidance. Additionally, ablation of tumors, selective guidewire placement, retrieval of migrated stents, and anterograde cholangioscopy-guided procedure by using cholangiopancreatoscopy have been reported.
Summary
The recent development of digital single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy enables easy access to the bile duct and pancreatic duct, contributing to expanding indications for cholangiopancreatoscopy. Improvement of devices or development of innovative devices is required to overcome the remaining problems of cholangiopancreatoscopy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References and Recommended Reading
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Nakajima M, Akasaka Y, Fukumoto K, Mitsuyoshi Y, Kawai K. Peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy (PCPS) under duodenoscopic guidance. Am J Gastroenterol. 1976;66:241–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1976.tb00816.x.
Igarashi Y, Igarashi Y, Ukita T, Inoue H, Ishiguro J, Ogawa S, et al. Clinical evaluation of the peroral cholangioscopy using a new videoscope. Diagn Ther Endosc. 1999;5:231–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/DTE.5.231.
Itoi T, Sofuni A, Itokawa F, Tsuchiya T, Kurihara T, Ishii K, et al. Peroral cholangioscopic diagnosis of biliary-tract diseases by using narrow-band imaging (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66:730–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2007.02.056.
Okabe Y, Tsuruta O, Naito Y, Suga H, Sata M. Clinical evaluation of peroral cholangioscopy for biliary disease using narrow band imaging. Dig Endosc. 2007;19:S121–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-1661.2007.00721.x.
Ishida Y, Itoi T, Okabe Y. Can image-enhanced cholangioscopy distinguish benign from malignant lesions in the biliary duct? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2015;29:611–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2015.05.007.
Moon JH, Ko BM, Choi HJ, Hong SJ, Cheon YK, Cho YD, et al. Intraductal balloon-guided direct peroral cholangioscopy with an ultraslim upper endoscope (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70:297–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2008.11.019.
Choi HJ, Moon JH, Ko BM, Hong SJ, Koo HC, Cheon YK, et al. Overtube-balloon-assisted direct peroral cholangioscopy by using an ultra-slim upper endoscope (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:935–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2008.08.043.
Mori A, Mori A, Ohashi N, Ohashi N, Nozaki M, Nozaki M, et al. Feasibility of duodenal balloon-assisted direct cholangioscopy with an ultrathin upper endoscope. Endoscopy. 2012;44:1037–44. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1309467.
Chen YK. Preclinical characterization of the Spyglass peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy system for direct access, visualization, and biopsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65:303–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2006.07.048.
Chen YK, Pleskow DK. SpyGlass single-operator peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy system for the diagnosis and therapy of bile-duct disorders: a clinical feasibility study (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65:832–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2007.01.025.
Nakajima M, Akasaka Y, Yamaguchi K, Fujimoto S, Kawai K. Direct endoscopic visualization of the bile and pancreatic duct systems by peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy (PCPS). Gastrointest Endosc. 1978;24:141–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5107(78)73488-7.
Ishida Y, Itoi T, Okabe Y. Types of peroral cholangioscopy: how to choose the most suitable type of cholangioscopy. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2016;14:210–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-016-0090-2.
•• ASGE Technology Committee, Komanduri S, Thosani N, Abu Dayyeh BK, Aslanian HR, Enestvedt BK, et al. Cholangiopancreatoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;84:209–21 This report reviews currently available system and accessories of cholangiopancreatoscopy in detail.
Itoi T, Moon JH, Waxman I. Current status of direct peroral cholangioscopy. Dig Endosc. 2011;23:154–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-1661.2011.01114.x.
Moon JH, Choi HJ. The role of direct peroral Cholangioscopy using an Ultraslim endoscope for biliary lesions: indications, limitations, and complications. Clin Endosc. 2013;46:537–9. https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.5.537.
Shah R, Neuhaus H, Parsi M, Reddy D, Pleskow D. Randomized study of digital single-operator cholangioscope compared to fiberoptic single-operator cholangioscope in a novel cholangioscopy bench model. Endosc Int Open. 2018;06:E851–6.
Tsutsumi K, Kato H, Yabe S, Mizukawa S, Seki H, Akimoto Y, et al. A comparative evaluation of treatment methods for bile duct stones after hepaticojejunostomy between percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy and peroral, short double-balloon enteroscopy. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2017;10:54–67.
Yamauchi H, Kida M, Okuwaki K, Miyazawa S, Matsumoto T, Uehara K, et al. Therapeutic peroral direct cholangioscopy using a single balloon enteroscope in patients with Roux-en-Y anastomosis (with videos). Surg Endosc. 2017;32:498–506.
Tonozuka R, Itoi T, Sofuni A, Tsuchiya T, Ishii K, Tanaka R, et al. Novel peroral direct digital cholangioscopy-assisted lithotripsy using a monorail technique through the overtube in patients with surgically altered anatomy (with video). Dig Endosc. 2019;31:203–8.
Osanai M, Itoi T, Igarashi Y, Tanaka K, Kida M, Maguchi H, et al. Peroral video cholangioscopy to evaluate indeterminate bile duct lesions and preoperative mucosal cancerous extension: a prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy. 2013;45:635–42.
Korrapati P, Ciolino J, Wani S, Shah J, Watson R, Muthusamy VR, et al. The efficacy of peroral cholangioscopy for difficult bile duct stones and indeterminate strictures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. 2016;4:E263–75.
Ayoub F, Yang D, Draganov PV. Cholangioscopy in the digital era. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3:82–2. https://doi.org/10.21037/tgh.2018.10.08.
•• Mounzer R, Austin GL, Wani S, Brauer BC, Fukami N, Shah RJ. Per-oral video cholangiopancreatoscopy with narrow-band imaging for the evaluation of indeterminate pancreaticobiliary disease. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:509–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-019-0217-3. This is the first study on individual findings of video cholangioscopy.
Itoi T, Kamisawa T, Igarashi Y, Kawakami H, Yasuda I, Itokawa F, et al. The role of peroral video cholangioscopy in patients with IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis. J Gastroenterol. 2013;48:504–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-012-0652-6.
Ishida Y, Okabe Y, Yasumoto M, Naito Y, Nakama Y, Kitasato Y, et al. Ex vivo magnifying endoscopic observation of bile duct mucosa using narrowband imaging. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2018;25:433–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.581.
Ogura T, Imanishi M, Kurisu Y, Onda S, Sano T, Takagi W, et al. Prospective evaluation of digital single-operator cholangioscope for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures (with videos). Dig Endosc. 2017;29:782–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12878.
•• Turowski F, Hügle U, Dormann A, Bechtler M, Jakobs R, Gottschalk U, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy with SpyGlassDS™: results of a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Surg Endosc. 2018;32:3981–8 This study demonstrates efficacy of SpyGlass DS for diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.
•• Navaneethan U, Hasan MK, Kommaraju K, Zhu X, Hebert-Magee S, Hawes RH, et al. Digital, single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy in the diagnosis and management of pancreatobiliary disorders: a multicenter clinical experience (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;84:649–55 This study reveals efficacy of SpyGlass DS for diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.
Kanno Y, Koshita S, Ogawa T, Masu K, Kusunose H, Sakai T, et al. Peroral cholangioscopy by SpyGlass DS versus CHF-B260 for evaluation of the lateral spread of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Endosc Int Open. 2018;6:E1349–54. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0743-5283.
Mizrahi M, Khoury T, Wang Y, Cohen J, Sheridan J, Chuttani R, et al. “Apple Far from the Tree”: comparative effectiveness of fiberoptic single-operator cholangiopancreatoscopy (FSOCP) and digital SOCP (DSOCP). HPB (Oxford). 2018;20:285–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2017.09.002.
• Tyberg A, Raijman I, Siddiqui A, Arnelo U, Adler DG, Xu M-M, et al. Digital pancreaticocholangioscopy for mapping of pancreaticobiliary neoplasia: can we alter the surgical resection margin? J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2019;53:71–5 This study evaluates mapping biopsy to reveal clinical impact of SpyGlass DS.
•• Navaneethan U, Hasan MK, Lourdusamy V, Njei B, Varadarajulu S, Hawes RH. Single-operator cholangioscopy and targeted biopsies in the diagnosis of indeterminate biliary strictures: a systematic review. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82:608–614.e2. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goy049. This study reveals the diagnostic yield of cholangioscopy-guided biopsy.
Lenze F, Bokemeyer A, Gross D, Nowacki T, Bettenworth D, Ullerich H. Safety, diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic efficacy of digital single-operator cholangioscopy. United European Gastroenterol J. 2018;6:902–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640618764943.
Varadarajulu S, Bang JY, Hasan MK, Navaneethan U, Hawes R, Hebert-Magee S. Improving the diagnostic yield of single-operator cholangioscopy-guided biopsy of indeterminate biliary strictures: ROSE to the rescue? (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;84:681–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.1497.
Klapman JB, Logrono R, Dye CE, WAXMAN I. Clinical impact of on-site cytopathology interpretation on endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1289–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07472.x.
Iglesias-Garcia J, Dominguez-Muñoz JE, Abdulkader I, Larino-Noia J, Eugenyeva E, Lozano-Leon A, et al. Influence of on-site cytopathology evaluation on the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of solid pancreatic masses. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:1705–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2011.119.
Seitz U, Bapaye A, Bohnacker S, Navarrete C, Maydeo A, Soehendra N. Advances in therapeutic endoscopic treatment of common bile duct stones. World J Surg. 1998;22:1133–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002689900532.
McHenry L, Lehman G. Difficult bile duct stones. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006;9:123–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-006-0031-6.
Yasuda I, Itoi T. Recent advances in endoscopic management of difficult bile duct stones. Dig Endosc. 2013;25:376–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12118.
Leung JW, Chung SS. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy with peroral choledochoscopy. BMJ. 1989;299:595–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6699.595.
Neuhaus H, Zillinger C, Born P, Ott R, Allescher H, Rosch T, et al. Randomized study of intracorporeal laser lithotripsy versus extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy for difficult bile duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998;47:327–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5107(98)70214-7.
Binmoeller KF, Bruckner M, Thonke F, Soehendra N. Treatment of difficult bile duct stones using mechanical, electrohydraulic and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Endoscopy. 1993;25:201–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1010293.
Brewer Gutierrez OI, Bekkali NLH, Raijman I, Sturgess R, Sejpal DV, Aridi HD, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Digital Single-Operator Cholangioscopy for Difficult Biliary Stones. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:918–926.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2019.01.023.
Buxbaum J, Sahakian A, Ko C, Jayaram P, Lane C, Yu CY, et al. Randomized trial of cholangioscopy-guided laser lithotripsy versus conventional therapy for large bile duct stones (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;87:1050–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2017.08.021.
Angsuwatcharakon P, Kulpatcharapong S, Ridtitid W, Boonmee C, Piyachaturawat P, Kongkam P, et al. Digital cholangioscopy-guided laser versus mechanical lithotripsy for large bile duct stone removal after failed papillary large-balloon dilation: a randomized study. Endoscopy. 2019:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0848-8373.
Barakat MT, Girotra M, Choudhary A, Huang RJ, Sethi S, Banerjee S. A prospective evaluation of radiation-free direct solitary cholangioscopy for the management of choledocholithiasis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2018;87:584–589.e1.
Itoi T, Isayama H, Sofuni A, Itokawa F, Tamura M, Watanabe Y, et al. Evaluation of effects of a novel endoscopically applied radiofrequency ablation biliary catheter using an ex-vivo pig liver. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2012;19:543–7.
Steel AW, Postgate AJ, Khorsandi S, Nicholls J, Jiao L, Vlavianos P, et al. Endoscopically applied radiofrequency ablation appears to be safe in the treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:149–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2010.09.031.
Dolak W, Schreiber F, Schwaighofer H, Gschwantler M, Plieschnegger W, Ziachehabi A, et al. Endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for malignant biliary obstruction: a nationwide retrospective study of 84 consecutive applications. Surg Endosc. 2014;28:854–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-013-3232-9.
Strand DS, Cosgrove ND, Patrie JT, Cox DG, Bauer TW, Adams RB, et al. ERCP-directed radiofrequency ablation and photodynamic therapy are associated with comparable survival in the treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80:794–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.02.1030.
Mensah ET, Martin J, Topazian M. Radiofrequency ablation for biliary malignancies. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2016;32:238–43.
Ogura T, Onda S, Sano T, Takagi W, Okuda A, Miyano A, et al. Evaluation of the safety of endoscopic radiofrequency ablation for malignant biliary stricture using a digital peroral cholangioscope (with videos). Dig Endosc. 2017;29:712–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12837.
Bokemeyer A, Gross D, Brückner M, Nowacki T, Bettenworth D, Schmidt H, et al. Digital single-operator cholangioscopy: a useful tool for selective guidewire placements across complex biliary strictures. Surg Endosc. 2019;33:731–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-018-6334-6.
Itoi T, Sofuni A, Tsuchiya T, Ijima M, Iwashita T. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided transhepatic antegrade stone removal in patients with surgically altered anatomy: case series and technical review (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2014;21:E86–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.165.
Iwashita T, Nakai Y, Hara K, Isayama H, Itoi T, Park DH. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided antegrade treatment of bile duct stone in patients with surgically altered anatomy: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2016;23:227–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.329.
Mukai S, Itoi T, Sofuni A, Tsuchiya T, Tanaka R, Tonozuka R, et al. EUS-guided antegrade intervention for benign biliary diseases in patients with surgically altered anatomy (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2019;89:399–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2018.07.030.
Hosmer A, Abdelfatah MM, Law R, Baron TH. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy and antegrade clearance of biliary lithiasis in patients with surgically-altered anatomy. Endosc Int Open. 2018;6:E127–30.
• Tanaka R, Itoi T, Honjo M, Tsuchiya T, Kurihara T, Tsuji S, et al. New digital cholangiopancreatoscopy for diagnosis and therapy of pancreaticobiliary diseases (with videos). J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2016;23:220–6 This is first study describing utility of SpyGlass DS, revealing many applications of SpyGlass DS.
Komaki Y, Kanmura S, Funakawa K, Komaki F, Hashimoto S, Taguchi H, et al. A case of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with repeated hemobilia arrested by argon plasma coagulation under direct peroral cholangioscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;80:528–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2014.04.022.
• Hajj El II, Brauer BC, Wani S, Fukami N, Attwell AR, Shah RJ. Role of per-oral pancreatoscopy in the evaluation of suspected pancreatic duct neoplasia: a 13-year U.S. single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:737–45 This study reveals the good diagnostic yield of pancreatoscopy and also demonstrated endoscopic findings of pancreatic duct neoplasia.
Parbhu SK, Siddiqui AA, Murphy M, Noor A, Taylor LJ, Mills A, et al. Efficacy, safety, and outcomes of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with per-oral pancreatoscopy: a multicenter experience. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;51:e101–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0000000000000796.
Trindade AJ, Benias PC, Kurupathi P, Tharian B, Inamdar S, Sharma N, et al. Digital pancreatoscopy in the evaluation of main duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: a multicenter study. Endoscopy. 2018;50:1095–8.
Ohtsuka T, Gotoh Y, Nakashima Y, Okayama Y, Nakamura S, Morita M, et al. Role of SpyGlass-DS tm in the preoperative assessment of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm involving the main pancreatic duct. Pancreatology. 2018;18:566–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2018.04.012.
Beyna T, Neuhaus H, Gerges C. Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic duct stones under direct vision: revolution or resignation? Systematic review. Dig Endosc. 2018;30:29–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/den.12909.
Ogura T, Okuda A, Imanishi M, Miyano A, Amano M, Nishioka N, et al. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy for pancreatic duct stones under digital single-operator pancreatoscopy (with video). Dig Dis Sci. 2018;387:1–6.
Bekkali NLH, Murray S, Johnson GJ, Bandula S, Amin Z, Chapman MH, et al. Pancreatoscopy-directed electrohydraulic lithotripsy for pancreatic ductal stones in painful chronic pancreatitis using SpyGlass. Pancreas. 2017;46:528–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000000790.
Mittal C, Shah RJ. Pancreatoscopy-guided laser dissection and ablation for treatment of benign and neoplastic pancreatic disorders: an initial report (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2019;89:384–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2018.08.045.
Draganov PV, Lin T, Chauhan S, Wagh MS, Hou W, Forsmark CE. Prospective evaluation of the clinical utility of ERCP-guided cholangiopancreatoscopy with a new direct visualization system. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:971–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.01.003.
Sethi A, Chen YK, Austin GL, Brown WR, Brauer BC, Fukami NN, et al. ERCP with cholangiopancreatoscopy may be associated with higher rates of complications than ERCP alone: a single-center experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:251–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2010.08.058.
• Chavalitdhamrong D, Donepudi S, Pu L, Draganov PV. Uncommon and rarely reported adverse events of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Dig Endosc. 2014;26:15–22. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1392274. This review highlights uncommon adverse events of ERCP-related procedures, which endoscopists should know.
Mukewar S, Gorospe EC, Knipschield MA, Bingener J, Gostout C. Effects of carbon dioxide insufflation during direct cholangioscopy on biliary pressures and vital parameters: a pilot study in porcine models. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:238–242.e1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Yusuke Ishida declares that he has no conflict of interest. Takao Itoi declares that he has no conflict of interest. Yoshinobu Okabe declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Human and animal rights and informed consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ishida, Y., Itoi, T. & Okabe, Y. Current Status and Future Perspective in Cholangiopancreatoscopy. Curr Treat Options Gastro 17, 327–341 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-019-00238-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11938-019-00238-1