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Understanding Negative Self-Evaluations in Borderline Personality Disorder—a Review of Self-Related Cognitions, Emotions, and Motives

  • Personality Disorders (C Schmahl, Section Editor)
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Abstract

Self-conscious emotions, such as guilt, shame, or self-disgust, as well as self-related motives, such as self-enhancement or self-verification, influence how people perceive, evaluate, memorize, and respond to self-related information. They not only influence peoples’ concepts of themselves but may also affect their behavior in social environments. In the current review, we describe alterations of self-related processing in borderline personality disorder (BPD). We chose BPD as an example of a mental disorder of which impairments in self-functioning and identity constitute a major feature. Since terminology used in clinical research on self-referential processing is diverse and often confusing, we start with reviewing some of the main concepts in this area of research using a conceptual framework provided from social psychology. Most studies on self-referential processing in BPD focused on descriptions of self-esteem and revealed a negative self-concept, particularly expressed by explicitly reported low self-esteem. Moreover, self-esteem is unstable in BPD and likely reactive to self-relevant cues. BPD patients are prone to negative emotions with respect to themselves, such as self-disgust and shame. First data point to altered self-related motives, too. In conclusion, although explicit self-esteem is widely studied as a global and trait-like feature of BPD, there is a strong lack of studies that take the complexity of the construct self-esteem into account. Further studies on alterations in self-related processes are required to deepen our understanding of impairments of the self-concept in BPD and enable the improvement of psychosocial therapeutic approaches.

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Acknowledgements

The editors would like to thank Dr. Babette Renneberg for taking the time to review this manuscript.

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  1. Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    Dorina Winter

  2. Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany

    Martin Bohus & Stefanie Lis

  3. Faculty of Health, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium

    Martin Bohus

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  1. Dorina Winter
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Winter, D., Bohus, M. & Lis, S. Understanding Negative Self-Evaluations in Borderline Personality Disorder—a Review of Self-Related Cognitions, Emotions, and Motives. Curr Psychiatry Rep 19, 17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0771-0

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