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Recent Advances in Association Between Vitamin D Levels and Cardiovascular Disorders

  • Nutrition and Hypertension (T Mori, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Hypertension Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

In this review, we discuss the evidence that vitamin D affects cardiovascular disease through interventional and observational studies and their corresponding association mechanisms. We also highlight the need for further research to definitively conclude clinical recommendations based on preliminary data and determine the extent to which vitamin D levels may impact the incidence and prognosis of major cardiovascular diseases in the future.

Recent Findings

Cardiovascular disease has long been recognized as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with many risk factors implicated in its pathogenesis. Vitamin D is a risk factor that, despite being known to be crucial for its role in maintaining bone health, also has several extra-skeletal effects due to vitamin D receptors in vascular smooth muscle and cardiomyocytes. Recent studies have documented a significant association between higher vitamin D levels and lower risk of each cardiovascular disease entity; 11 studies between serum vitamin D and heart failure, 7 studies between serum vitamin D and hypertension, 8 studies between serum vitamin D and coronary artery disease, and 5 studies between serum vitamin D and atrial fibrillation.

Summary

More studies documenting a significant association between increased serum vitamin D and cardiovascular disease are in the context of heart failure compared to hypertension, coronary artery disease, and atrial fibrillation. Conversely, a significant association between increased serum vitamin D and a lower risk of atrial fibrillation is reported in fewer studies compared to the association of vitamin D with other cardiovascular disease entities. Although there is evidence documenting a clear significant association of vitamin D under each category, further research is still needed to definitively conclude the role of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease management.

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Data Availability

The authors declare that data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Abbreviations

CVD:

Cardiovascular disorder

CV:

Cardiovascular

VDD:

Vitamin D deficiency

25(OH)D:

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

VDR:

Vitamin D receptor

1,25(OH)2D:

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

BP:

Blood pressure

CAD:

Coronary artery disease

HF:

Heart failure

HTN:

Hypertension

AF:

Atrial fibrillation

RAAS:

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

IL:

Interleukin

HR:

Hazard ratio

OR:

Odds ratio

POAF:

Post-operative atrial fibrillation

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bhaskar Medical College, Hyderabad, India

    Pahel Agarwal

  2. College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata, India

    Yash Agarwal

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Florida State University/Sarasota Memorial Hospital, 1700 S Tamiami Trail, Sarasota, FL, 34239, USA

    Maha Hameed

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Agarwal, P., Agarwal, Y. & Hameed, M. Recent Advances in Association Between Vitamin D Levels and Cardiovascular Disorders. Curr Hypertens Rep 25, 185–209 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-023-01246-4

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