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Sodium Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-analysis of Observational Cohort Studies

  • Hypertension and the Kidney (RM Carey, Sections Editor)
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Abstract

Purpose of the Review

To assess the relationship between sodium intake and hypertension risk in cohort studies, based on a systematic review up to January 21, 2022, that also employed a dose–response meta-analysis.

Recent Findings

Dose–response analysis of available cohort studies (n = 11), using a dietary intake or urinary sodium excretion of 2 g/day as the reference category, showed an excess risk starting at 3 g/day. However, we found a linear relationship across the entire range of sodium exposure in an analysis restricted to studies that used 24 h urinary sodium excretion information and had a low risk of bias.

Summary

This review confirms prior findings based on experimental studies and identified an almost linear relationship between sodium intake/excretion and hypertension risk in cohort studies, reinforcing the validity of recommendations to prevent cardiovascular disease through the reduction of sodium intake in both normotensive and hypertensive adults.

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Data Availability

All supporting data are available within the article and its supplemental material.

Code Availability

All details of statistical command used for data analysis are provided in the Methods section.

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Funding

Drs. Tommaso Filippini, Marcella Malavolti, and Marco Vinceti were supported by grant ‘Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2018 to 2022’ to the UNIMORE Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences from the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research, and Dr. Tommaso Filippini by grant ‘UNIMORE FAR IMPULSO 2020’ (no. 494/2020) from the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Dr. Paul K. Whelton was supported by a Centers of Research Excellence grant from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (no. P20GM109036).

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  1. Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

    Tommaso Filippini, Marcella Malavolti & Marco Vinceti

  2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

    Paul K. Whelton

  3. Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Marco Vinceti

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Correspondence to Tommaso Filippini.

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Filippini, T., Malavolti, M., Whelton, P.K. et al. Sodium Intake and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-analysis of Observational Cohort Studies. Curr Hypertens Rep 24, 133–144 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-022-01182-9

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