Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Clinical Application of Intestinal Ultrasound in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

  • Published:
Current Gastroenterology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) is a non-invasive, accurate, and well-tolerated tool that provides real-time assessment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity and is therefore an ideal monitoring tool. This review describes the evolving role of IUS in each phase of clinical management of IBD.

Recent Findings

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that IUS is an excellent tool for the assessment of suspected IBD, with a very high negative predictive value. It accurately assesses disease activity, disease complications, and in the pre-treatment phase, provides a benchmark for subsequent follow-up. IUS can detect early therapeutic response and correlates well with other established monitoring modalities with arguably superior predictive capabilities and ability to assess a deeper degree of remission, transmural healing (TH).

Summary

IUS has a crucial role in the management of IBD and has ushered in a new era of monitoring with more rapid evaluation and the opportunity for early optimization, deeper therapeutic targets, and improved outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Rajagopalan A, Sathananthan D, An YK, et al. Gastrointestinal ultrasound in inflammatory bowel disease care: Patient perceptions and impact on disease-related knowledge. JGH Open. 2020;4(2):267–72. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgh3.12268.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Hudson AS, Huynh HQ, Novak KL, et al. Pediatric Patient and Caregiver Satisfaction With the Use of Transabdominal Bowel Ultrasound in the Assessment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023;76(1):33–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000003618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Maaser C, Petersen F, Helwig U, et al. Intestinal ultrasound for monitoring therapeutic response in patients with ulcerative colitis: results from the TRUST&UC study. Gut. 2020;69(9):1629–36. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319451.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ilvemark J, Wilkens R, Thielsen P, et al. Early Intestinal Ultrasound Predicts Intravenous Corticosteroid Response in Hospitalised Patients With Severe Ulcerative Colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16(11):1725–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac083.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Horsthuis K, Bipat S, Bennink RJ, Stoker J. Inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed with US, MR, scintigraphy, and CT: meta-analysis of prospective studies. Radiology. 2008;247(1):64–79. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2471070611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Krugliak Cleveland N, Picker EA, Choi NK, Friedberg S. Monitoring IBD by intestinal ultrasound decreases time to treatment change and time to remission in comparison to conventional management. Presented at ACG. 2023.

  7. Friedman AB, Asthana A, Knowles SR, Robbins A, Gibson PR. Effect of point-of-care gastrointestinal ultrasound on decision-making and management in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021;54(5):652–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Parente F, Greco S, Molteni M, et al. Oral contrast enhanced bowel ultrasonography in the assessment of small intestine Crohn’s disease. A prospective comparison with conventional ultrasound, x ray studies, and ileocolonoscopy. Gut. 2004;53(11):1652–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.041038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Calabrese E, La Seta F, Buccellato A, et al. Crohn’s disease: a comparative prospective study of transabdominal ultrasonography, small intestine contrast ultrasonography, and small bowel enema. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005;11(2):139–45. https://doi.org/10.1097/00054725-200502000-00007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Pallotta N, Vetuschi A, Vincoli G, Sferra R, Pompili S, Montesani C, Chirletti P, Gaudio E, Corazziari ES. P165 Small intestine contrast ultrasonography (SICUS) for the assessment of intestinal strictures in Crohn’s disease: A prospective comparative study vs pathological histological morphometric findings. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(1):S75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Atkinson NSS, Bryant RV, Dong Y, et al. How to perform gastrointestinal ultrasound: Anatomy and normal findings. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(38):6931–41. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i38.6931.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Sagami S, Kobayashi T, Miyatani Y, et al. Accuracy of Ultrasound for Evaluation of Colorectal Segments in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(5):908-921 e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.07.067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Novak KL, Kaplan GG, Panaccione R, et al. A Simple Ultrasound Score for the Accurate Detection of Inflammatory Activity in Crohn’s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23(11):2001–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000001174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Novak KL, Nylund K, Maaser C, et al. Expert Consensus on Optimal Acquisition and Development of the International Bowel Ultrasound Segmental Activity Score [IBUS-SAS]: A Reliability and Inter-rater Variability Study on Intestinal Ultrasonography in Crohn’s Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2021;15(4):609–16. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Taylor SA, Mallett S, Bhatnagar G, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography and small bowel ultrasound for the extent and activity of newly diagnosed and relapsed Crohn’s disease (METRIC): a multicentre trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;3(8):548–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30161-4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Sagami S, Kobayashi T, Aihara K, et al. Transperineal ultrasound predicts endoscopic and histological healing in ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51(12):1373–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15767.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Limberg B. Diagnostik von chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen durch Sonographie [Diagnosis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease by ultrasonography]. Z Gastroenterol. 1999;37(6):495–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Limberg B, Osswald B. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease by hydrocolonic sonography. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994;89(7):1051–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Calabrese E, Kucharzik T, Maaser C, et al. Real-time Interobserver Agreement in Bowel Ultrasonography for Diagnostic Assessment in Patients With Crohn’s Disease: An International Multicenter Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(9):2001–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy091.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Panes J, Bouzas R, Chaparro M, et al. Systematic review: the use of ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis, assessment of activity and abdominal complications of Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34(2):125–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04710.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chiorean MV, Sandrasegaran K, Saxena R, Maglinte DD, Nakeeb A, Johnson CS. Correlation of CT enteroclysis with surgical pathology in Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(11):2541–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01537.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Maconi G, Sampietro GM, Parente F, et al. Contrast radiology, computed tomography and ultrasonography in detecting internal fistulas and intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn’s disease: a prospective comparative study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(7):1545–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07521.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Castiglione F, Mainenti PP, De Palma GD, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of small bowel Crohn’s disease: direct comparison of bowel sonography and magnetic resonance enterography. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(5):991–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182802b87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rieder F, Bettenworth D, Ma C, et al. An expert consensus to standardise definitions, diagnosis and treatment targets for anti-fibrotic stricture therapies in Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;48(3):347–57. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14853.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Ding SS, Fang Y, Wan J, et al. Usefulness of Strain Elastography, ARFI Imaging, and Point Shear Wave Elastography for the Assessment of Crohn Disease Strictures. J Ultrasound Med. 2019;38(11):2861–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/jum.14989.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Chen YJ, Mao R, Li XH, et al. Real-Time Shear Wave Ultrasound Elastography Differentiates Fibrotic from Inflammatory Strictures in Patients with Crohn’s Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(10):2183–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy115.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Kucharzik T, Maaser C. Intestinal ultrasound and management of small bowel Crohn’s disease. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2018;11:1756284818771367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756284818771367.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Calabrese E, Maaser C, Zorzi F, et al. Bowel Ultrasonography in the Management of Crohn’s Disease. A Review with Recommendations of an International Panel of Experts. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(5):1168–83. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000706.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Maaser C, Sturm A, Vavricka SR, et al. ECCO-ESGAR Guideline for Diagnostic Assessment in IBD Part 1: Initial diagnosis, monitoring of known IBD, detection of complications. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13(2):144–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy113. An international consensus guideline developed by both the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization (ECCO) and the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) on diagnosis and monitoring of IBD.

  30. Pascu M, Roznowski AB, Muller HP, Adler A, Wiedenmann B, Dignass AU. Clinical relevance of transabdominal ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with inflammatory bowel disease of the terminal ileum and large bowel. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10(4):373–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/00054725-200407000-00008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Ilvemark J, Hansen T, Goodsall TM, et al. Defining Transabdominal Intestinal Ultrasound Treatment Response and Remission in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Expert Consensus Statement. J Crohns Colitis. 2022;16(4):554–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab173. The first systematic review and expert consensus statement that defines transmural response and transmural remission by intestinal ultrasound in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Parente F, Greco S, Molteni M, Anderloni A, Bianchi PG. Imaging inflammatory bowel disease using bowel ultrasound. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;17(3):283–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200503000-00005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Castiglione F, de Sio I, Cozzolino A, et al. Bowel wall thickness at abdominal ultrasound and the one-year-risk of surgery in patients with Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(10):1977–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40267.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Kunihiro K, Hata J, Manabe N, et al. Predicting the need for surgery in Crohn’s disease with contrast harmonic ultrasound. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(5):577–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520601002716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Les A, Iacob R, Saizu R, et al. Bowel Ultrasound: a Non-invasive, Easy to Use Method to Predict the Need to Intensify Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2021;30(4):462–9. https://doi.org/10.15403/jgld-3726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Allocca M, Craviotto V, Bonovas S, et al. Predictive Value of Bowel Ultrasound in Crohn’s Disease: A 12-Month Prospective Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(4):e723–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2021.04.029.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Orlando S, Fraquelli M, Coletta M, et al. Ultrasound Elasticity Imaging Predicts Therapeutic Outcomes of Patients With Crohn’s Disease Treated With Anti-Tumour Necrosis Factor Antibodies. J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12(1):63–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjx116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ripolles T, Paredes JM, Martinez-Perez MJ, et al. Ultrasonographic Changes at 12 Weeks of Anti-TNF Drugs Predict 1-year Sonographic Response and Clinical Outcome in Crohn’s Disease: A Multicenter Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(10):2465–73. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000882.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Piazza O Sed N, Noviello D, Filippi E, et al. Superior predictive value of transmural over endoscopic severity for colectomy risk in ulcerative colitis: a multicenter prospective cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjad152

  40. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sandborn W, Sands BE, et al. Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(9):1324–38. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2015.233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Turner D, Ricciuto A, Lewis A, et al. STRIDE-II: An Update on the Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE) Initiative of the International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD): Determining Therapeutic Goals for Treat-to-Target strategies in IBD. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(5):1570–83. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.031.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yasuhara H, Kunisaki R, Tsunoda S, Kawashima N, Yamamoto S, Tsuda S, Ogashiwa T, Koh R, Goto K, Kimura H, Numata K, Maeda S. Early transabdominal ultrasonography to assess intestinal wall thickness and vascularity appears to predict long-term outcome in Crohn’s disease patients undergoing infliximab therapy: A prospective study. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:S19-20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Maaser C, Petersen F, Helwig U, Fischer I, Rath S, Kolterer S, Lang D, Kucharzik T. Monitoring response to anti-TNF therapy in ulcerative colitis patients by gastrointestinal ultrasound: sub-analysis from TRUST&UC. J Crohns Colitis. 2019;13:S063-S64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. de Voogd F, van Wassenaer EA, Mookhoek A, et al. Intestinal Ultrasound Is Accurate to Determine Endoscopic Response and Remission in Patients With Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Longitudinal Prospective Cohort Study. Gastroenterology. 2022;163(6):1569–81. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.08.038.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kucharzik T, Wittig BM, Helwig U, et al. Use of Intestinal Ultrasound to Monitor Crohn’s Disease Activity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(4):535-542 e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kucharzik T, Wilkens R, D’Agostino MA, et al. Early Ultrasound Response and Progressive Transmural Remission After Treatment With Ustekinumab in Crohn’s Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;21(1):153–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2022.05.055. The first international multicenter interventional study in which intestinal ultrasound was used to assess for secondary endpoints of both intestinal ultrasound response and transmural remission, and demonstrated that ustekinumab-treated Crohn’s disease patients achieve IUS response (46.3%) and transmural remission (24.1%) through week 48.

  47. Paredes JM, Moreno N, Latorre P, et al. Clinical Impact of Sonographic Transmural Healing After Anti-TNF Antibody Treatment in Patients with Crohn’s Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64(9):2600–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05567-w.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Castiglione F, Mainenti P, Testa A, et al. Cross-sectional evaluation of transmural healing in patients with Crohn’s disease on maintenance treatment with anti-TNF alpha agents. Dig Liver Dis. 2017;49(5):484–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2017.02.014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Castiglione F, Imperatore N, Testa A, et al. One-year clinical outcomes with biologics in Crohn’s disease: transmural healing compared with mucosal or no healing. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(8):1026–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Zorzi F, Ghosh S, Chiaramonte C, et al. Response Assessed by Ultrasonography as Target of Biological Treatment for Crohn’s Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(9):2030–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.10.042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Zorzi F, Rubin DT, Cleveland NK, Monteleone G, Calabrese E. Ultrasonographic Transmural Healing in Crohn’s Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(6):961–9. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000002265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Krugliak Cleveland N, Torres J, Rubin DT. What Does Disease Progression Look Like in Ulcerative Colitis, and How Might It Be Prevented? Gastroenterology. 2022;162(5):1396–408. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.01.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Krugliak Cleveland N, Bressler B, Siegel CA, Collaborators BRUPS. A Summary of the BRIDGe Summit on Damage-Related Progression of Ulcerative Colitis: Establishing Research Priorities. Gastroenterology. 2022;163(6):1505–9. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.08.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Dolinger M, Verstockt B. Ulcerative colitis, a transmural disease requiring an accurate IUS assessment in the current treat-to-target era. United European Gastroenterol J. 2022;10(3):247–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ueg2.12215.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Palmela C, Maaser C. The Use of Intestinal Ultrasound in Ulcerative Colitis-More Than a Mucosal Disease? Gastroenterology. 2022;163(6):1485–7. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.10.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Zhulina Y, Cao Y, Amcoff K, Carlson M, Tysk C, Halfvarson J. The prognostic significance of faecal calprotectin in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(5):495–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.13731.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kellar A, Dolinger M, Novak KL, Chavannes M, Dubinsky M, Huynh H. Intestinal Ultrasound for the Pediatric Gastroenterologist: A Guide for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Monitoring in Children: Expert Consensus on Behalf of the International Bowel Ultrasound Group (IBUS) Pediatric Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2023;76(2):142–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000003649.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Dolinger MT, Kellar A. Point-of-Care Intestinal Ultrasound in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2023;25(11):355–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-023-00892-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. van Wassenaer EA, de Voogd FAE, van Rijn RR, et al. Bowel ultrasound measurements in healthy children - systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Radiol. 2020;50(4):501–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-019-04567-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Aronskyy I, Spencer E, Kellar A, Pittman N, Dubinsky M, Dolinger M. P332 External validation of intestinal ultrasound scores to detect endoscopic activity in children and adults with Crohn’s disease: A prospective cohort study. J Crohns Colitis. 2023;17:i469–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Cleveland NK, Picker EA, Dolinger MT, Rubin DT. The Arrival of Intestinal Ultrasound for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Care in the United States. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2023;19(3):147–54.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kucharzik T, Kannengiesser K, Petersen F. The use of ultrasound in inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Gastroenterol. 2017;30(2):135–44. https://doi.org/10.20524/aog.2016.0105.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. AMA Cpt Editorial Board. Current Procedural Terminology. Chicago, IL: American Medical Association; 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 482.86 Condition of participation: Radiologic services. https://www.cms.gov/regulations-and-guidance/guidance/manuals/downloads/som107ap_a_hospitals.pdf. Accessed 30 Oct 2023.

  65. Dolinger MT, Krugliak Cleveland N, Rubin DT, Dubinsky MC. Guide to Intestinal Ultrasound Credentialing, Documentation, and Billing for Gastroenterologists in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(9):1528–31. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000002253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Goodsall TM, Day AS, Andrews JM, Ruszkiewicz A, Ma C, Bryant RV. Composite assessment using intestinal ultrasound and calprotectin is accurate in predicting histological activity in ulcerative colitis: a cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izad043

  67. Bryant RV, Friedman AB, Wright EK, et al. Gastrointestinal ultrasound in inflammatory bowel disease: an underused resource with potential paradigm-changing application. Gut. 2018;67(5):973–85. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315655

Download references

Funding

No grant or funding support was used for the production of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave MC 4076, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

    Noa Krugliak Cleveland, Joëlle St-Pierre, Amelia Kellar & David T. Rubin

Authors
  1. Noa Krugliak Cleveland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joëlle St-Pierre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amelia Kellar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David T. Rubin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

NKC and DTR conceptualized the manuscript, NKC, JS-P, and AK contributed to the first draft, and all authors contributed to editing of the manuscript. Figures were prepared by NKC and JS-P.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Noa Krugliak Cleveland.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict interests.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Disclosures

JS-P and AK report no relevant disclosures. NKC serves as a consultant to Takeda and for NeuroLogica, a subsidiary of Samsung Electronics, and as a speaker for Bristol-Myers Squibb. DTR has received grant support from Takeda; and has served as a consultant for Abbvie, Alimentiv Inc., Altrubio, Amgen, Avalo Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Buhlmann Diagnostics Corp, ClostraBio, Connect BioPharma, Datos Health Ltd, EcoR1, Evinature Ltd, Ferring Pharma, Image Analysis Group (IAG), Iterative Health, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Lilly Eli & Co, Menten AI, Odyssey Thera, Pfizer, Prometheus Biosciences, Reistone Biopharma, Samsung Neurologica, Sangamo Therapeutics, Shanghai Pharma Biotherapeutics USA, Takeda, Target RWE, Tissium S.A., and Trellus Health.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Krugliak Cleveland, N., St-Pierre, J., Kellar, A. et al. Clinical Application of Intestinal Ultrasound in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 26, 31–40 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-024-00915-x

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-024-00915-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation