Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals with Hepatitis C Viral Infection

  • Ischemic Heart Disease (D Mukherjee, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Cardiology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are two diseases that affect millions around the globe. Hepatitis C affects more than 70 million individuals globally. ASCVD is commonly encountered and remains the top cause of death worldwide. A link has been identified between HCV and atherosclerosis.

Recent Findings

A review of recent studies which define the association between HCV infection and an increased risk of subclinical ASCVD and experiencing cardiovascular (CV) events.

Summary

It is now recognized that there is an increased burden of atherosclerosis in individuals infected with HCV that translates into increased cardiovascular events. An increase in the number of diagnosed cases of HCV is expected as screening recommendations for the virus have expanded. Strategies to educate healthcare professionals about this increased CV risk will need to be considered as well as the optimal strategy to lower CV risk in this growing population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as:•• Of major importance

  1. WHO. Global Hepatitis Report, 2017. 2017

  2. Hofmeister MG, Rosenthal EM, Barker LK, Rosenberg ES, Barranco MA, Hall EW, et al. Estimating prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 2013-2016. Hepatology. 2019;69:1020–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.30297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lee KK, Stelzle D, Bing R, Anwar M, Strachan F, Bashir S, et al. Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people with hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(10):794–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30227-4Recent review of HCV and ASCVD risk.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Schillie S, Wester C, Osborne M, Wesolowski L, Ryerson AB. CDC Recommendations for hepatitis C screening among adults — United States, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2020;69(RR-2):1–17. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6902a1Updated recommendations for HCV screening.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Ryerson AB, Schillie S, Barker LK, Kupronis BA, Wester C. Vital Signs: Newly reported acute and chronic hepatitis C cases ―United States, 2009–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:399–404. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6914a2.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Force USPST, Owens DK, Davidson KW, Krist AH, Barry MJ, Cabana M, et al. Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adolescents and adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2020;323:970. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mazzaro C, Dal Maso L, Mauro E, Visentini M, Tonizzo M, Gattei V, et al. Hepatitis C virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: a review of the role of the new direct antiviral agents (DAAs) therapy. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(8):102589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102589.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. US Department of Affairs. Classification of direct-acting antiviral agents in HCV treatment regimens 2019 Available from: https://www.hepatitis.va.gov/hcv/treatment/hcv-daa-class.asp. Accessed 1 Feb 2020.

  9. Spengler U. Direct antiviral agents (DAAs) - a new age in the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. Pharmacol Ther. 2018;183:118–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.10.009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Collaborators GBDCoD. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390(10100):1151–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Jameson JL, Kasper DL, Longo DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Loscalzo J. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, vol. 2. 20th ed. p. xli, 3528, I–214. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookID=2129.

  12. Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Leducq Transatlantic Network on A. Inflammation in atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(23):2129–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Bonnefont-Rousselot D. Lp-PLA2, a biomarker of vascular inflammation and vulnerability of atherosclerosis plaques. Ann Pharm Fr. 2016;74(3):190–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharma.2015.09.002.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Cavagna L, Boffini N, Cagnotto G, Inverardi F, Grosso V, Caporali R. Atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis: more than a simple association. Mediat Inflamm. 2012;2012:147354–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/147354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Meune C, Touze E, Trinquart L, Allanore Y. High risk of clinical cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: levels of associations of myocardial infarction and stroke through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2010;103(4):253–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2010.03.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Geovanini GR, Libby P. Atherosclerosis and inflammation: overview and updates. Clin Sci (Lond). 2018;132(12):1243–52. https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20180306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139:e1046–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Oliveira CP, Kappel CR, Siqueira ER, Lima VM, Stefano JT, Michalczuk MT, et al. Effects of hepatitis C virus on cardiovascular risk in infected patients: a comparative study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;164(2):221–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.07.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Butt AA, Xiaoqiang W, Budoff M, Leaf D, Kuller LH, Justice AC. Hepatitis C virus infection and the risk of coronary disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(2):225–32. https://doi.org/10.1086/599371.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Nader F, Younossi Z, Elsheikh E. Associations of chronic hepatitis C with metabolic and cardiac outcomes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37(6):647–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mostafa A, Mohamed MK, Saeed M, Hasan A, Fontanet A, Godsland I, et al. Hepatitis C infection and clearance: impact on atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic risk factors. Gut. 2010;59(8):1135–40. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.202317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. He H, Kang R, Zhao Z. Hepatitis C virus infection and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e81305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Adinolfi LE, Rinaldi L, Nevola R. Chronic hepatitis C, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease: what impact of direct-acting antiviral treatments? World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(41):4617–21. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4617.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. McKibben RA, Haberlen SA, Post WS, Brown TT, Budoff M, Witt MD, et al. A cross-sectional study of the association between chronic hepatitis C virus infection and subclinical coronary atherosclerosis among participants in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(2):257–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kwong JC, Schwartz KL, Campitelli MA, Chung H, Crowcroft NS, Karnauchow T, et al. Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(4):345–53. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1702090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Petta S, Adinolfi LE, Fracanzani AL, Rini F, Caldarella R, Calvaruso V, et al. Hepatitis C virus eradication by direct-acting antiviral agents improves carotid atherosclerosis in patients with severe liver fibrosis. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.02.015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hsu YC, Lin JT, Ho HJ, Kao YH, Huang YT, Hsiao NW, et al. Antiviral treatment for hepatitis C virus infection is associated with improved renal and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients. Hepatology. 2014;59(4):1293–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.26892.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Maruyama S, Koda M, Oyake N, Sato H, Fujii Y, Horie Y, et al. Myocardial injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. J Hepatol. 2013;58(1):11–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.045.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alison L. Bailey.

Ethics declarations

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Bailey reports personal fees from Bayer.

The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Ischemic Heart Disease

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bailey, A.L., Al-Adwan, S., Sneij, E. et al. Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals with Hepatitis C Viral Infection. Curr Cardiol Rep 23, 52 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-021-01475-6

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-021-01475-6

Keywords

Navigation