Abstract
Particulate matter especially PM2.5 has always been a prime concern for human health. An Integrated Exposure–Response (IER) function and Value of Statistical Life (VSL) approach is used in the present study, for Delhi, India, to monitor the association between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and premature mortality for the five diseases: ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke (STR), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung neoplasms (LNC), and lower respiratory infections (LRI) and economic loss occurring due to them. It was found in the study that IHD (64%) has the highest risk, followed by stroke (19%), COPD (10%), LRI (4%), and LNC (3%). Significant economic loss for these diseases during the study period (on average annually) was found to be: IHD [20160.15, 95% CI:16,432.88—24,290.06], STR [6088.12, 95% CI: 4583.80- 7963.50], COPD [3176.32, 95% CI:2246.27—3818.32], LNC [881.13, 95% CI: 696.37 – 1087.61], LRI [1170.48, 95% CI:852.44—1542.76] million USD. Scenario modeling was done as part of this investigation to see if Delhi meeting India’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) threshold (40 µg/m3) would lower premature deaths and provide economic benefits. Premature mortality has decreased for the following conditions: LRI (51.81%), LNC (47.76%), COPD (47.48%), STR (22.08%), and IHD (20.53%). Further, premature mortality can be potentially reduced, on average, by 95.66% for LRI, 90% for LNC, 88.75% for COPD, 85.40% for STR, and 62.19% for IHD for the study duration if 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) PM2.5 exposure limit (10 µg/m3) were reached. Similarly, economic benefits of 7987.39 [95% CI: 6219.57 – 9812.56] and 22,461.14 [95% CI: 17,585.92 – 27,707.95] million USD could have been reaped by maintaining NAAQS and WHO (2005 guidelines) prescribed limits. The estimated reduction in premature mortality and associated economic benefits due to decreased PM2.5 exposure calls for mitigation measures on an urgent basis.
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Data Availability
The raw data of air quality, economics and population is publicly available on websites of respective agencies. Other data, if needed, will be made available on request.
Abbreviations
- AF:
-
Attributable Fraction
- CAAQMS:
-
Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
- CEV:
-
Cerebrovascular Disease
- CI:
-
Confidence Interval
- CPCB:
-
Central Pollution Control Board
- CR:
-
Concentration-Response
- CRS:
-
Civil Registration System
- ER:
-
Exposure-Response
- GBD:
-
Global Burden of Disease
- GEMM:
-
Global Exposure Mortality Model
- GRAP:
-
Graded Response Action Plan
- HEI:
-
Health Effects Institute
- ICMR:
-
Indian Council of Medical Research
- IER:
-
Integrated Exposure–Response
- IGP:
-
Indo-Gangetic Plane
- IHD:
-
Ischemic Heart Disease
- IHME:
-
Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation
- LNC:
-
Lung Cancer
- LRI:
-
Lower Respiratory Infection
- NAAQS:
-
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
- PHFI:
-
Public Health Foundation of India
- PoP:
-
Exposed Population
- RR:
-
Relative Risk
- STR:
-
Stroke
- yo :
-
Baseline Rate of Mortality
- Z:
-
PM2.5 Concentration (µg/m3)
- Zcf :
-
Counterfactual Concentration (µg/m3)
- ΔMMort :
-
Excess Premature Mortality
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Acknowledgements
The authors kindly acknowledge the CPCB, India for the PM2.5 concentration data and GBD for the baseline mortality data.
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Singh, A.K., Pathak, A.K. & Saini, G. Premature mortality risk and associated economic loss assessment due to PM2.5 exposure in Delhi, India during 2015–2019. Air Qual Atmos Health (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01550-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-024-01550-1