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Receptor modelling and risk factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheric particulate matter at an IGP outflow location (island of the bay of Bengal—Bhola, Bangladesh)

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Abstract

The research intended to find the atmospheric concentrations, sources, and health risks of 16 particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the Indo Gangetic Plain (IGP) outflow location for the first time. A total of thirty-six samples of total suspended particulate (TSP) matters were collected with a low volume sampler on quartz filters. PAHs were extracted from filters with dichloromethane (DCM) while purification processes were conducted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and concentrations of PAHs were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The summation of the yearly average values for the total PAHs concentrations was 58.8 ng m-3; meanwhile, the highest concentration for the total PAHs was obtained during winter (81.26 ng m-3), whereas the lowest was on monsoon (15.52 ng m-3) illustrates strong seasonal variations. The effect of transboundary pollution was significant during the winter season. Moreover, the five rings PAHs contributed significantly (54.0%) compared to others. In addition, diagnostic ratio analysis preliminary pointed out that most of the PAHs were emitted from fuel oil and biomass combustion. Furthermore, the PMF model revealed that the sources of PAHs were gasoline exhaust (25%), diesel engine combustion (30%), natural gas emission (23%), and biomass burning (22%). The Bnz(a)Peq factor of individual PAHs varies between 8.0×10-4 ng m-3 [Phenanthrene] and 5.70 ng m-3 [Benzo(a)pyrene] with a summation of 13.34 ng m-3 for total. The cancer risk of total PAHs was 11.6 times higher than the European Union (EU) guideline value.

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Data availability

The raw datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Authors thank to Md Nazrul Islam, Bangladesh Climate Observatory, Bhola (BCOB) for helping with particulate matter sampling, Md Firoz Khan acknowledges research support from Universiti Malaya (UM),UM Living Lab Grant LL058-2021, the University Kebangsaan Malaysia for helping with chemical analysis and supporting travel expenses for Farah Jeba, and the NOAA for supporting HYSPLIT Model calculation of backward air mass trajectory.

Funding

University Kebangsaan Malaysia for travel and chemical analysis by UKM Research University Grant (GUP-2018-2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

    Farah Jeba, Tanzina Tul Karim, Kazi Fahad Quddus & Abdus Salam

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Md. Firoz Khan

  3. Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia

    Mohd. Talib Latif

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  1. Farah Jeba
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  2. Tanzina Tul Karim
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  6. Abdus Salam
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Contributions

Farah Jeba: preserving the samples, chemical analysis, writing the manuscript, and reviewing and editing. Tanzina Tul Karim: writing the manuscript and reviewing and editing. Md. Firoz Khan: continuous monitoring during chemical analysis and reviewing the manuscript and editing. Mohd. Talib Latif: planning, providing instruments and chemicals for chemical analysis reviewing the manuscript and editing. Kazi Fahad Quddus: all the modellings and software-related graphical representations and reviewing and editing. Abdus Salam: overall planning, providing sampling instruments and materials, and writing and editing.

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Correspondence to Abdus Salam.

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Jeba, F., Karim, T.T., Khan, M.F. et al. Receptor modelling and risk factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmospheric particulate matter at an IGP outflow location (island of the bay of Bengal—Bhola, Bangladesh). Air Qual Atmos Health 14, 1417–1431 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01031-9

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