Introduction

In early December 2019, the first pneumonia cases of unknown origin were identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China [1]. As a result, a novel beta-coronavirus was named—the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—which resembled severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [2, 3]. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the 2019-nCoV public health emergency was of international concern on January 30 and declared it to be a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [4]. In Turkey, the first positive case was detected on March 11, 2020 [5]. The number of cases of COVID-19 in Turkey had been rising daily and hospitals were instructed to receive acute cases only. Over the following days, the government’s “stay at home order” for children, and families’ fear of the COVID-19, infection led to changes in the delivery of health services. One of these changes was the use of telemedicine. Telemedicine is not novel, long-distance communication for health purposes has a long history. For example, consultation by written correspondence was common from the mid-1600 s through to the 1700s [6]. In the following years, telemedicine use developed and became widespread. A search of PubMed from 2010 to 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic) using the keywords “telemedicine” and “telehealth” reveals more than 39,636 papers published.

Similar to the rest of the world, telemedicine has evolved in Turkey. It was reported in 2018 that telemedicine was effective in improving the glycemic control of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus [7]. Telemedicine practice has spread since the COVID-19 pandemic and its advantages and disadvantages have also been reported [8,9,10]. However, few studies have been published concerning telemedical follow-up for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus [11,12,13,14]. Regelmann et al. recently reported the practice of telemedicine and discussed its advantages and disadvantages in a pediatric endocrinology clinic during the COVID-19 pandemic [15].

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of telemedicine on pediatric endocrinology patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Subjects and methods

Patients

A total of 267 patients, in the care of the pediatric endocrinology clinic at Bursa Uludag University Hospital, were included in the study. Data were obtained from electronic-mail (google mail, yahoo mail) or electronic message (WhatsApp) records. The study was approved by the local Ethical Committee (approval number: 2020–23/11).

Statistical analysis

Descriptive analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel for macOS.

Results

A total of 608 instances of communication were made with 267 patients. The messages were archived in e-mail and e-message boxes. The communications were performed with e-messages with 24 patients and with e-mail for the remainder. Thirty-six patients (13.4%) were contacted directly, while 117 patients (43.8%) were contacted through the mother, 104 (38.9%) through the father, and 7 (2.6%) via a sibling or cousin. In addition, one patient reached us via his family physician and two patients with the assistance of a neighbor (Table 1).

Table 1 Communication method of the patients followed up using telemedicine
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The most common diagnosis was diabetes mellitus (96 patients; 36%) (Table 2). The patients’ sensor data or glucose measurements on their insulin pump or multiple insulin injections were evaluated, and the insulin dose was adjusted. Diabetes education with particular attention to hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and sick-day management were updated as required.

Table 2 Diagnoses of the patients evaluated using telemedicine
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The second most common diagnosis was thyroid diseases (56 patients; 20.9%). The patients with hypothyroidism (congenital, central, drug-induced, or autoimmune) were followed monthly during the first 6 months of life, bimonthly between 6–12 months, and every 3 months after that with free T4 and TSH measurements obtained by the family physician of the patients. Thyroid function tests followed for patients with thyroid nodules, and the size of the nodules was followed by ultrasound measurement. Patients with hyperthyroidism were also evaluated by analysis the symptoms and free T3, free T4, and TSH measurements obtained from the family physician. During follow-up, the treatment of 3 patients with transient congenital hypothyroidism and two patients with hyperthyroidism were tapered and discontinued. Three newborns referred to us for elevated TSH in the neonatal screening program were examined in our outpatient clinic and their laboratory results were followed. These patients were managed by telemedicine to reduce physical contact. One of the patients was discharged with normal results, while two patients were diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism, and thyroid hormone replacement was initiated.

Thirty-two (12%) patients with puberty disorders and 28 patients (10.5%) with pituitary diseases were followed in terms of progression of puberty and height and weight percentiles. The patients’ complaints and side effects were noted, and the continuity of treatment and support was given in obtaining their prescriptions.

Nineteen patients (7.1%) with adrenal diseases were contacted about complaints, laboratory results, compliance to treatment, and drug doses and were also supported with obtaining their prescriptions. Patient education about the management of the adrenal crisis was repeated.

Routine follow-up of the patients with disorders of sexual development (8 patients; 3%) and normal variant short stature (10 patients; 3.7%) was continued.

Eight patients (3%) with obesity were followed in terms of current weight, height, and BMI. Diet and home exercise programs were introduced.

Five patients (1.9%) with metabolic bone diseases were contacted about complaints (pain, fracture, deformities). Appointments for bisphosphonate treatment 2 days every 3 months for pamidronate, 1 day every 6 months for zoledronate) were given, and continuity of therapy was maintained with minimum hospital contact.

The diazoxide treatment of a 2-month-old patient with transient hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia was tapered and discontinued. Another patient with a near-total pancreatectomy due to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia on multidrug treatment for the maintenance of normoglycemia was followed with the data of continuous glucose monitoring (29 communications). Glucagon and nifedipine were discontinued, and the dose of octreotide was reduced.

The ratio of number of communications to endocrine condition were as follows: hyperinsulinism (9), metabolic bone disease (2.8), diabetes (2.76), pituitary disorders (2.57), thyroid disease (1.82), and pubertal disorders (1.43).

No complication requiring emergency room admission or hospitalization to the clinic or intensive care unit was observed in any of the patient groups. Only one patient acquired COVID-19 PCR positivity due to household contact.

Discussion

We showed that telemedicine is an effective method for managing pediatric patients with endocrine diseases, especially in certain subgroups (hyperinsulinism, metabolic bone disease, diabetes, pituitary disorders, thyroid disease, and pubertal disorders) without complications. Telemedicine, which has been utilized since 1600, especially during periods of war and natural disasters, became popular again with the COVID-19 pandemic, which started locally in 2019 and then spread to the entire world [1, 4, 6]. Previous studies have focused on the advantages and disadvantages of telemedicine. Some of the listed disadvantages are a requirement of internet access, insufficient technological ability of the patients, and the inability to perform a physical [8,9,10]. Regelmann et al. reported that telemedicine provides a practical tool that can be utilized in pediatric endocrinology clinics [15]. We also evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of this method during the COVID-19 pandemic in our clinic (Table 3). Some of our patients who had difficulty using e-mail chose to use e-messages for communication. Those who could not use either method were contacted by telephone or scheduled a face-to-face appointment if necessary. The Italian Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Association recommendations include communication with the health staff by telemedicine, increased use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and continued insulin treatment along with precautions for protection from the COVID infection [16]. Another study on diabetic children and their families reported that the families were satisfied with telemedicine [11]. Our patients were also satisfied with having their regular follow-up by e-mail and e-message without needing to come to the hospital. Other studies similarly reported that face-to-face visits are essential, but technology helps the remote control of diabetes [12]. In a study from Sweden, patients with type 1 diabetes were followed by telemedicine with occasional hospital visits, and they showed an increase in the use of CGM and continuous insulin infusion with a decrease in HbA1c [13]. Studies in adult patients with type 1 diabetes have also reported successful diabetes education regarding hypoglycemia, stress, sick-day, ketosis management, and protection from COVID-19 [14].

Table 3 Advantages and disadvantages of telemedicine in the practice of pediatric endocrinology
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In our study, telemedicine proved helpful in preventing ketoacidosis and none of our patients were admitted to the emergency room or hospitalized during the pandemic. Furthermore, our patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies or adrenal deficiency complied with their treatment, education for adrenal crisis management was reinforced, and hospital visits were reduced.

Strengths and limitations

According to national statistics in Turkey, internet access of the population between 16–74 years of age in 2020 was reported at 79%, and the proportion of houses with an internet connection was 90.7% [17]. This data reveals that internet availability is adequate in our country, and telemedicine can be utilized successfully. Some families were contacted many times. The most important limitations are the lack of an integrated telemedicine system in the hospital, inability to generate an official patient record, and inability to charge the patient. Written communication may prevent misunderstandings, but video conferences may also provide additional useful information.

Conclusions

In this investigation, we showed that patients living with different chronic endocrine conditions might be followed at home with the aid of local support such as family physicians and pharmacies, their therapy can be managed, and prescriptions can be provided during the pandemic. Although there are many telemedicine studies on patients with type 1 diabetes, there are few studies on patients with other endocrine diseases. Further studies may increase continued use of telemedicine and spread to include routine follow-up even after the pandemic.