Skip to main content
Log in

Regulation and registration as drivers of continuous professional competence for Irish pre-hospital practitioners: a discussion paper

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

The regulatory body responsible for the registration of Irish pre-hospital practitioners, the Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council (PHECC), identified the need to implement a continuing professional competence (CPC) framework. The first cycle of CPC (focused on emergency medical technicians) commenced in November 2013 creating for the first time a formal relationship between continuing competence and registration to practice.

Aims

To review current literature and to describe benefits and challenges relevant to CPC, regulation, registration and their respective contributions to professionalism of pre-hospital practitioners: advanced paramedics, paramedics and emergency medical technicians.

Methods

Online search of cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature (CINAHL Plus with Full Text), Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED) and ‘Pubmed’ databases using: ‘Continuous Professional Development’; ‘Continuous Professional Development’; ‘emergency medical technician’; ‘paramedic’; ‘registration’; ‘regulation’; and “profession’ for relevant articles published since 2004. Additional policy documents, discussion papers, and guidance documents were identified from bibliographies of papers found.

Results

Reports, governmental policies for other healthcare professions, and professional developments internationally for allied professions (e.g., nursing, physiotherapy and medicine) link maintenance of competence with requirements for registration to practice.

Conclusion

We suggest that evolving professionalisation of Irish paramedics should be affirmed through behaviours and competencies that incorporate adherence to professional codes of conduct, reflective practice, and commitment to continuing professional development. While the need for ambulance practitioner CPD was identified in Ireland almost a decade ago, PHECC now has the opportunity to introduce a model of CPD for paramedics linking competence and professionalism to annual registration.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Department of Health (1993) Report of the Review Group on the Ambulance Service, Stationery Office. http://www.lenus.ie/hse/handle/10147/81141. Accessed 19 Nov 2015

  2. Government of Ireland (1970) The Health Act. http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1970/en/act/pub/0001/sec0057.html#sec57. Accessed 19 Nov 2015

  3. Health information and quality authority (2011) Pre-hospital emergency care key performance indicators for emergency response times. http://www.hiqa.ie/publications/pre-hospital-emergency-care-key-performance-indicators-emergency-response-times-version. Accessed 19 Nov 2015

  4. Comptroller and Auditor General (1997) Report on Value for Money Examination The Emergency Ambulances Services http://www.audgen.gov.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=540&CatID=5&StartDate=01+January+2015. Accessed 19 Nov 2015

  5. The Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council (Establishment) Order 2000 (Amendment) Order, (2004)

  6. Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Council (2011) Strategic Plan 2011–2014. PHECC https://www.phecit.ie/Images/PHECC/Publications%20and%20Media/Strategic%20Plans/Strategic%20Plan%202011–2014.pdf. Accessed 20 June 2015

  7. Brady E (2013) Child protection social workers’ engagement in continuing professional development: an exploratory study. Soc Work Educ. doi:10.1080/02615479.2013.869316

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ryan J (2003) Continuous professional development along the continuum of lifelong learning. Nurse Educ Today 23(7):498–508

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sturrock J, Lennie S (2009) Compulsory continuing professional development: a questionnaire-based survey of the UK dietetic profession. J Hum Nutr Diet 22(1):12–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Schweitzer D, Krassa T (2010) Deterrents to nurses’ participation in continuing professional development: an integrative literature review. J Contin Educ Nurs 41(10):441–447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ross K, Barr J, Stevens J (2013) Mandatory continuing professional development requirements: what does this mean for Australian nurses. BMC Nurs 12(1):9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Studnek JR, Fernandez AR, Margolis GS (2009) Assessing continued cognitive competence among rural emergency medical technicians. Prehospital Emerg Care 13(3):357–363. doi:10.1080/10903120902935355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Schostak J, Davis M, Hanson J, Brown T, Driscoll P, Starke I, Jenkins N (2010) ‘Effectiveness of Continuing Professional Development’ project: a summary of findings. Med Teach 32(7):586–592. doi:10.3109/0142159x.2010.489129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Henwood SM, Yielder J, Flinton D (2004) Radiographers attitudes to mandatory CPD: a comparative study in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Radiography 10(4):251–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Knox S, Cullen W, Dunne C (2013) Continuous professional competence (CPC) for emergency medical technicians in Ireland: educational needs assessment. BMC Emerg Med 13(1):25

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Knox S, Cullen W, Dunne C (2014) Continuous professional competence (CPC) for Irish paramedics and advanced paramedics: a national study. BMC Med Educ 14(1):41

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Knox S, Dunne S, Cullen W, Dunne C (2015) A qualitative assessment of practitioner perspectives post-introduction of the first continuous professional competence (CPC) guidelines for emergency medical technicians in Ireland. BMC Emerg Med 15(1):11

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Houle CO (1980) Continuing learning in the professions. Jossey-Bass, London

    Google Scholar 

  19. Tann JA, Blenkinsopp A, Platts A (2001) Teaching and learning at the leading edge: leading edge practitioners in community pharmacy. Manag Learn 32(2):163–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Henwood S, Edie J, Flinton D, Simpson R (1998) Continuing professional development—a re-examination of the facts. Radiography 4(1):5–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Dowds J, French H (2008) Undertaking continuous professional development (CPD) in the workplace in physiotherapy. Physiother Irel 29(1):11–19

    Google Scholar 

  22. Construction Industry Council (UK) (1986) CPD information sheets of the professional institution members of the CPD in Construction Group. http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/00001892.htm

  23. Health and Care Professions Council UK (2012) Your guide to our standards for continuous professional development http://www.hpc-uk.org/assets/documents/10003B70Yourguidetoourstandardsofcontinuingprofessionaldevelopment.pdf. Accessed 11 July 2015

  24. Health professions council South Africa (2009) Continuing professional development: guidelines for good practice in the healthcare professions. http://www.hpcsa.co.za/uploads/editor/UserFiles/CPD%20Guidelines%202014.pdf. Accessed 10 Sept 2015

  25. Madden C, Mitchell VA (1993) Professions, standards and competence: a survey of continuing education for the professions. Department of Continuing Education, Bristol University, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  26. Murphy C, Cross C, Mc Guire D (2006) The motivation of nurses to participate in continuing professional education in Ireland. J Eur Ind Train 30(5):365–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Smethers S (1995) CPD whose responsibility is it? Pers Train Educ 12(1):11–12

    Google Scholar 

  28. Friedman A, Woodhead S (2008) Approaches to CPD measurement. PARN, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  29. Department of Health (1998) A first class service: quality in the new NHS. National Stationary Office, London

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kjaer NK, Steenstrup AP, Pedersen LB, Halling A (2014) Continuous professional development for GPs: experience from Denmark. Postgrad Med J. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-131679

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Choudhry NK, Fletcher RH, Soumerai SB (2005) Systematic review: the relationship between clinical experience and quality of health care. Ann Intern Med 142(4):260–273. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-4-200502150-00008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Secretary of State for Health (UK) (2007) Trust, assurance and safety—the regulation of health professionals in the 21st Century. The Stationary Office. http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm70/7013/7013.pdf. Accessed 8 Aug 2015

  33. Watkins JW, Drury I, Preddy D (1992) From evolution to revolution: the pressures of professional life in the 1990s. University of Bristol, Bristol

    Google Scholar 

  34. Commission on Patient Safety and Quality Assurance (2008) Building a culture of patient safety: report of the Commission on Patient Safety and Quality Assurance. Stationery Office, Ireland. http://health.gov.ie/wpcontent/uploads/2014/03/en_patientsafety.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2015

  35. Department of Health and Children (2000) Statutory registration for health and social professionals. Government Publications, Ireland. http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Statutory-Registration-for-Health-and-Social-Professionals-Report.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2015

  36. Ikenwilo D, Skåtun D (2014) Perceived need and barriers to continuing professional development among doctors. Health Policy 117(2):195–202. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2014.04.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Caffrey SM, Clark JR, Bourn S, Cole J, Cole JS, Mandt M, Murray J, Sibold H, Stuhlmiller D, Swanson ER (2014) Paramedic specialization: a strategy for better out-of-hospital care. Air Med J 33(6):265–273. doi:10.1016/j.amj.2014.07.020

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Newton A (2011) Specialist practice for paramedics: a bright future? J Paramed Pract 3(2):58–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Acker J, Johnston T, Lazarsfeld-Jensen A, Acker J (2014) Industrial paramedics, out on site but not out of mind. Rural Remote Health 14:2856

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. O’Brien K, Moore A, Dawson DA, Hartley PR (2014) An Australian story: paramedic education and practice in transition. Australas J Paramed 11(3):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  41. Joyce CM, Wainer J, Archer F, Wyatt A, Pitermann L (2009) Trends in the paramedic workforce: a profession in transition. Aust Health Rev 33(4):533–540. doi:10.1071/AH090533

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. O’ Meara P (2011) So how can we frame our identity? J Paramed Pract 3(2):57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Donaghy J (2011) Is regulation a necessary evil? J Paramed Pract 3(3):109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Woollard M (2012) Professionalism in UK paramedic practice. J Emerg Prim Health Care 7(4):9

    Google Scholar 

  45. Eraut M (1994) Developing professional knowledge and competence. RoutledgeFalmer, Oxon

    Google Scholar 

  46. Mahony K (2003) The politics of professionalism: some implications for the occupation of ambulance paramedics in Australia. Australas J Paramed

  47. Paramedic Association of Canada (2011) National occupational competency profile for paramedics. http://www.paramedic.ca/site/nocp?nav=02. Accessed 10 Nov 2015

  48. Bowles R (2009) From learning activities to the meaning of life: fostering professionalism in Canadian paramedic education. J Emerg Prim Health Care 7(4):8p

    Google Scholar 

  49. Copnell G (2010) Modernising allied health professions careers: attacking the foundations of the professions? J Interprof Care 24(1):63–69. doi:10.3109/13561820902946115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Irvine D (2001) The changing relationship between the public and the medical profession. J R Soc Med 94(4):162–169

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Mahmood T (2010) Recertification and continuing professional development: the way ahead. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 24(6):807–818. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.04.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Williams B, Brown T, Onsman A (2009) From stretcher-bearer to paramedic: the Australian paramedics’ move towards professionalisation. J Emerg Prim Health Care 7(4), Article 990346

  53. Greenwood E (1984) Attributes of a profession. In: Faszard B (ed) Self-actualization for nurses. Aspen, Rockville, pp 13–26

    Google Scholar 

  54. Department of Premier and Cabinet (2008) Performance Review Ambulance Service of NSW. http://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/Media/docs/080703dpcreviewreport-4e4d1818-71fa-4f8d-9bd1-2bb5b8cbdef0-0.pdf. Accessed 8 June 2015

  55. Burgess S, Boyle M, Chilton M, Ellis B, Fallows B, Lord B (2003) Monash University Centre for Ambulance and Paramedic Studies (MUCAPS) Submission to the Department of Human Services (DHS), in response to the DHS Discussion Paper examining the regulation of the Health Professions in Victoria. J Emerg Prim Health Care 1:3–4

    Google Scholar 

  56. Eburn M (2014) Australian Emergency Law. https://emergencylaw.wordpress.com/2014/11/04/victorian-state-registration-of-paramedics/. Accessed 12 July 2015

  57. Bange R, Biljon WV (2012) Paramedic registration: a progress report. https://www.paramedics.org/content/2012/09/Paramedic-Registration-Report-0609.09.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2015

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. P. Dunne.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, other than that authors S. Knox and M. Hughes are employed by the Irish National Ambulance Service College, which is engaged in paramedic education.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Knox, S., Dunne, S.S., Hughes, M. et al. Regulation and registration as drivers of continuous professional competence for Irish pre-hospital practitioners: a discussion paper. Ir J Med Sci 185, 327–333 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-016-1412-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-016-1412-z

Keywords

Navigation