Abstract
A recent electrical penetration graph (EPG) study identified a unique intracellular puncture that is associated with inoculation of the semipersistently transmitted, phloem-limited Beet yellows virus (BYV, Closterovirus) by the aphid Myzus persicae. This new aphid EPG pattern (named phloem-pd) always occurs shortly before phloem sieve element phase (PSEP) and has a similar voltage drop as PSEP, both of which are less than the voltage drop of standard-pds. Structure of pd subphase II-2 differs between phloem-pds and standard-pds. The objective of this study was to determine the type of phloem cell penetrated during phloem-pds. Stylets of M. persicae feeding on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) were fixed in situ by cryofixation during phloem-pds, standard-pds and PSEP waveform E1. The cell penetrated by the stylet tips was then identified by confocal laser-scanning microscopy and micro-computed tomography. Sieve elements (SEs) or companion cells (CCs) were penetrated during phloem-pds, whereas cells other than SEs or CCs (mesophyll, bundle sheath cells and possibly phloem parenchyma) were penetrated during standard-pds. SEs were penetrated during waveform E1. The implications of these findings for inoculation of other phloem-limited viruses that currently are thought to be inoculated primarily during waveform E1 are discussed.
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Acknowledgements
Authors especially thank James Ng lab for providing material and for their advice during the development of the experiments. Authors also thank Maria del Carmen Risueño Almeida (Biological Research Center, CIB—Madrid, Spain) and David Carter (Center for Plant Cell Biology, UCR) for their contribution to the analysis of the CLSM images. Special thanks to the staff at Bruker-micro-CT for their support, patience and effectiveness, and for their constant improvements to the software, including new options that we requested. This paper benefitted from sub-award agreement S15192.01 between Kansas State University (KSU) and the University of Granada, as part of the USDA-NIFA award 2014-70016-23028 to Susan J. Brown (KSU). This work was funded by the project AGL2013-47603-C2-2-R from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (fellowship BES-2014-067806). The present manuscript is part of Jaime Jiménez PhD Thesis at Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
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Supplementary material 1—For micro-CT scanning, samples were glued with cyanocrilate to the tip of a 200 µm diameter nylon fishing line (3) (A, B, C), inserted in a piece of plasticine (4) at the end of the sample holder (5) (A, D) and protected with a plastic straw tube (6) to prevent possible movements in the scanning process due to the cooling process by ventilation (E) (in A, arrows point to the gold-wire (2) glued with silver paint to the dorsum of the aphid (1) used to monitor the aphid feeding behavior by electrical penetration graphs (EPG) technique) (PDF 1107 kb)
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Jiménez, J., Garzo, E., Alba-Tercedor, J. et al. The phloem-pd: a distinctive brief sieve element stylet puncture prior to sieve element phase of aphid feeding behavior. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 14, 67–78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-019-09708-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-019-09708-w